The Impact Of Pre Colonised Australian And Its Indigenous...

This essay will describe what the Gammage Thesis is and how it impacts on the perception of pre-colonised Australian and its indigenous populations. The Gammage thesis is the theory that Australia in its entirety had been managed and shaped by the Aboriginal communities, tending to it as one might a private park. William Gammage, author of the book â€Å"The Biggest Estate on EARTH: How Aboriginals Made Australia† describes in great detail Australia’s environment before and after the British colonisation and the destruction of the native populations, as well as giving huge amounts of evidence supporting his theory. William (Bill) Gammage is a professor at the Australian National University; studying and teaching Aboriginal Land Managements in 1788. He is author to a number of books about Australian warfare and Aboriginal history and is the originator of the Gammage Thesis. Gammage believes, and gives well-documented evidence, that the Australia discovered by the first colonisers was not its natural state, but the accumulation of thousands of years shaping by the Indigenous people using the fire-stick methods to suit their needs (3). In order to understand his reasoning, one must first understand that what the ‘fire-stick method’ actually is. The act of burning the land at specific times interrupts the reproductive rates of slow growing species and allows greater diversity, as well as allowing younger, more desired plants to take root (2). The production of fresher plants causeShow MoreRelatedAustralia s Indigenous People Of The World s Most Ancient Living Cultures1737 Words   |  7 PagesPeople who are not from Australia, may have never heard the word Indigenous or know the meaning behind it. If they have heard the word they might not know about Australia’s Indigenous people. Maybe when they think of Australia they automatically think of British convicts. Only the British convicts weren’t the first people to own the land in Australia, there come people way before them and they are still fighting for their rights and land today. It is said that humans have been on this continentRead MoreIntroduction Globalisation is evident in our everyday living, and is inescapable; as it portrays2600 Words   |  11 Pagesresult in a sense of detachment and loss of place and culture. The process of globalisation, however is now being reconstructed in a means to advocate and create awareness of global inequalities such as feminism. For centuries the progressions of colonised countries has been structured around the ideologies of an empire nation. The indignant behaviour towards women fuelled the fight towards equality between the sexes, known as the feminist movement. Colonialism had dramatic consequences that are stillRead MoreAboriginal And Torres Strait Islander Histories And Cultures Into Classroom Curriculum2443 Words   |  10 Pagesyour ideas using the Australian Curriculum conceptual framework for embedding Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander histories and cultures. Aboriginal Studies and Torres Strait Islander Studies include histories, cultures, values, beliefs, languages, lifestyles and roles of Aboriginal societies or Torres Strait Islander societies before and after invasion. This study of Torres Strait Islander people and Aboriginal people presents an accurate history of Australia. Indigenous Studies covers both AboriginalRead MoreThe Colonisation Of Australia By Jordan T. Sharp2179 Words   |  9 Pageswhich still continue in today’s societies. Colonisation is the process of where control over spirituality, land, language and education, health and family structures and also culture itself is passed down from the indigenous people to the colonisers. (Colonisation and Racism, 2000.) Pre-invasion in Australia, the aboriginal people had their own way of life, they had been living in Australia â€Å"Terra Nullis† for about 50,000 to 120,000 years. They were commonly hunters and gatherers who adapted to theirRead MoreHumans Causing Decline in Biodiversity Essays2274 Words   |  10 Pagesacknowledged that this was almost certainly an underestimate. There have been numerous other speculations, ranging to over 1,000 extinctions per week (Bryson, 2003). The truth is we just don’t know; we are literally unable to put a precise figure on the impact we are having. Regardless, it is clear that in recent times we have seen an exponential increase in the number of cases. The Mascarene island of Mauritius’ national emblem remains to this day the dodo, despite the fact that it is one of the mostRead MoreIndian English Novel17483 Words   |  70 PagesThere has always been in all countries and ages a conflict between the orthodox and the unorthodox, but in India, because the new impulse was identified with an alien culture and foreign domination, the clash of loyalties has been sharper. The very impact of Western thought, with its emphasis on democracy and selfexpression, stimulated a nationalist consciousness which resented the foreign imposition and searched for the roots of self-respect and pride in its own heritage. For instance, Rabindranath

A Perspective of Leadership Through the Eyes of a Great Leader Free Essays

Abraham Lincoln had a distinct way of elevating people. This is evident in one of his leadership techniques as pointed out by Donald Phillips in his book, Leadership: Executive Strategies for Tough Times. This, he had done by recognizing his subordinates, his people as equals. We will write a custom essay sample on A Perspective of Leadership Through the Eyes of a Great Leader or any similar topic only for you Order Now More importantly, it is by not failing to remember that he, as a President acted not as a Chieftain but as representative of the people who elected him; and it is from this people, his power as Chief Executive emanated. In the same way, there are leaders who act based on the same principle as Abraham Lincoln. Take for example, Nelson Mandela. The latter’s leadership although may be viewed very differently from that of Lincoln is characterized by the similar principles in leadership as Lincoln’s. Like Lincoln who is a master of active passivity, Mandela offered only passive resistance against efforts that put the Blacks in the position of permanent servility (Brink, 1998). Like Lincoln who preached visions, in his case, through the Gettysburg Address, Mandela preached visions as a mode of getting across ideas that would set forth the movement towards his objectives. According to him, â€Å"During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to the struggle of the African people. I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But, if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.† (Brink, 1998). Also, like Lincoln, Mandela showed integrity even with his failures which he considered not as such but as blessings which â€Å"enhance rather than diminish his personality (Brink, 1998).† 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In your opinion, what were Lincoln`s most important attributes or traits? It is not proper to say that Abraham Lincoln had a most important leadership attribute for it is only when his traits are seen as a whole that his leadership can be qualified. Saying that one trait is more important than the other means elevating one and subordinating the rest. Surely, it is not only just one or a few leadership attributes which can carry or distinguish Lincoln as a leader from the others. According to Donald Phillips (1992), â€Å"’During his four years as president, Abraham Lincoln spent most of his time among the troops.’ He visited key individuals in government, members of Congress, toured hospitals to visit the wounded, etc. He was a natural wanderer. As a lawyer, he went out to discover the facts first hand.† Still, it cannot be said, for example that Lincoln’s consideration of â€Å"getting out of the office and circulating among the troops† distinguished him over the others because there were leaders who valued such in their leadership too. Princess Diana was considered as a prime figure during her days because she showed empathy to the people and in Phillips’ words, she ‘got out’ in public to experience the people first hand and not only through the eyes of third observers. The same goes with Pope John Paul II who was renowned for his frequent tours among Catholic nations. He was not the Pope who sat down his Papal Chair as he observed the world through his accolades. He went out, shook hands, waved and hugged the people whom he led in faith. Both leaders value â€Å"reaching out to their people† as prime necessity in effective leadership. Having said this, it is the combination of Lincoln’s leadership traits that made him a distinguished him from the others. It is the right amounts of humility, foresight, patience, tact and eloquence that made him one of the supreme leaders not only in the history of the United States but in the history of the world. How to cite A Perspective of Leadership Through the Eyes of a Great Leader, Essays

Organisations and Budgetary Slack

Question: Discuss about the Organisations and Budgetary Slack. Answer: Budgetary Slack refers to the deliberate way of making up the budgetary numbers in favor of the preparer, by either over estimating the budgeted expenses or underestimating the revenue. This is more found in situations where the employees are given performance targets in numbers, their bonuses have a direct linkage with achievement of targets or Companys policy regarding promotion (Dismissal). In this case, the base of the budget numbers will be un-realistic or on a false projection. It can be intentional or unintentional. Intentional budgetary slack also arises when there are prior experiences of not achieving either reduced expenses or increased revenue. In budgetary slack, the risk factors considered might not be genuine and will result in employees behaving unethically. In these cases, budget figures will be easy to get but will reduce quality in performance. The budgeting system has been assumed to affect a managers propensity to create budgetary slack, in the sense that this propensity can be increased or decreased by way in which the budgeting system is designed or complemented (Amhed, 1994, p.12) The main reason of budgetary slack is due to involving subordinate in the budget making process. But if there is a proper communication and a qualitative talk between manager and sub-ordinate, the behavioral problems with subordinates can be avoided to some extent. On the other hand, if an employee achieves the numbers, that creates more inspiration and positive view. So, the budget should not be too unrealistic or too fictional. If it is based on the proven numbers and proper design of methods to achieve the results, the budgetary slacks can be dispensed with. For an employee, who is self- motivated, takes the numbers positively and work towards the same. He takes it more challenging in case the budgets are not achieved. However, for more numbers of employees (basically at the ground level), budgets are normally a big issue to tackle. They tend to search for more options to escape from it. They may provide false data when it is sought or a false feedback about the process/systems. Another problem is that it creates disappointment among employees. If an employee cant achieve the budget consistently he tends to un-trust the system and gradually leaves the organization. Therefore, the budget set on these wrong data, may not serve its purpose and ultimately end up in being a tool for making/(protecting) money for self -reasons and not for business improvement. In addition, even in case of managers, the budget numbers have to be revised time to time according to change in business/market scenario. Every budget activity has to be preceded by a comparison with the actual results. A lot of time would have to be invested in explaining the top management about the variance and its reasonableness. Potential advantages and disadvantages of participative budget in master budget preparation Participate budgeting is a activity in which the employees who are directly impacted by budget are involved in the budget making activity. It is basically a bottom line approach. Since the employees who are having hands on experience in the system are engaged in the budgeting process, the figures are normally achievable but lack a touch of strategic decision making. A budget can have a significant impact on human behavior. It may inspire a manager to higher level of performance. Or, it may discourage additional effort and pull down the morale of a manager (Jerry and Donald, 2000, p. 390) The major advantage of participative budgeting is that it will result in achievement of better results and improves motivation among employees. Since the employees know the data and conditions at the ground level, the quality of numbers will be high. Comparison of budgeted numbers with actual and reasonable check will be easy since the employees will be more familiar with the transactions rather than systems/policies. Since the targeted numbers are set by them, employees are confident and directed towards achieving it instead of being directed by the top management by their imposed budget The disadvantage of participative budget in the master budget making process is that it consumes a lot of time since more number of employees are involved. It may lack quality since the top managements perception about the data or conditions and their high level strategic decisions will be missing here. A main demerit of this process is the Budgetary slack. In case the outcome or actual result of the budget is negative, it may also result in the participated departments to blame each other. Since the relevance and use of participative budget in the master budget making process is important, a proper balancing between the related advantages and risks must be made and communicated to all the users. Advice to VGL Ltd and Milbourn Manufacturers Strategies to overcome temporary shortages of cash A properly designed cash budget helps in ensuring cash is available at the right time and right amount. It also helps to find out if money is idle and an opportunity to save cash exists. It helps to identify the temporary cash shortages in advance. The major strategy to meet temporary cash shortages will be arranging the overdraft from a Bank with whom Company is having tie up. In case of any surplus cash already invested, Company may tend to break the same. But, since these are normally invested in securities/fixed deposits where rate of return will be higher than that of short term borrowing it results in a cash loss. In those cases, a comparative study must be made on the opportunity cost of forgoing the interest income and the interest cost of borrowing. The best method to tackle the temporary cash shortage will be to get into the agreement with the bank to avail the overdraft facility. Here, Company need not have further discussion with the Bank each and every time it require cash and the interest will be charged on daily basis. Just as judicious management of short-term surplus funds can earn extra income for the firm, careful handling of short term deficits can lead to significant savings. The treasurers objective in this regard should be to minimize the overall borrowing requirement consistent with the firms liquidity needs and to fund these at the minimum possible all in cost (Prakash, 2008, p.543) Consequences of not having proper cash management If a proper set up for arrangement of temporary cash is not in place, the Company will end up in loosing extra money in the form of high interest or penalties. They will not be able to pay the creditors in time and there by loose goodwill. The quality of production is affected if raw materials are not supplied in time and employees are not given wages. A Company should always fix its optimum level of cash balance, which is again depending on the nature of industry or working conditions. It depends on effective cash management and borrowing capacity of the Company. Cash is the life blood of the business; In the day to day sense what matters for survival is the availability of adequate cash. For only cash can help the entrepreneur meet his maturing financial obligations. Failure to generate adequate cash can have serious consequences on continuing profitability and solvency of the enterprise (Patel, 2007, p.26) If at any time, Company fail to settle its cash obligations and it is declared legally, the Company will turn to be insolvent. Retaining employees in such situations become difficult. To conclude, as cash is the lifeblood of the business, it must be managed effectively and the shortages must be met well, howsoever small it is. Consequences of carrying surplus cash Having surplus cash in a Company denotes that the management does not know how to manage the Cash. It will create a bad impression in the investors mind. The investors can hardly find out the reason for investing their money in the Company when there is not much changes in the Cash balance between two consecutive accounting periods. The main issue with having surplus cash is the opportunity cost connected with the forego of income from investment. A Management holding too much cash may tend to be more careless about its management. There will not be much pressure of performance. The benefit of investment is that the cash is not lying idle and the firm earns a specific return. But the problem is that making of such investment or disinvestment in order to get the cash back involves a transaction cost or conversion cost. If on the other hand, no such investment is made, such conversion cost does not arise, but there exists an opportunity cost in terms of interest foregone (Sharan, 2012, p173) Some organizations consider having surplus cash as symbol of strength, but having too much cash not put in use actually hurts. Preparation and analysis of environmental cost report Strategy for prioritizing spending on environmental cost categories to reduce negative outcomes For implementing an effective strategy on the spending on environmental costs, management needs a specific idea and information about the nature of Companys products and operations. The definition and classification of environmental costs within a Company is depending on how the information is intended to be used. Since the environmental laws and procedures are ever- changing and the environmental management is critical, a pro-active management should recognize the requirement for integrating the environmental strategies into the main decision making. The four major categories of Environmental Costs are (a) Prevention Costs (b) Detection Costs (c) Internal Failure Costs (d) External Failure Costs. The intensity and sensitivity of these costs are different from each other. Out of the four, external failure costs are more challenging and sensitive. Organizations tend to define environment related costs differently depending on the intended use of the cost information, the organizations view of what is environmental, the organizations economic and environmental goals and other reasons (Schaltegger, Bennett, Burrit and Jasch, 2008, p.329) Many established organizations especially in Industrial sector, have already understood the importance of Environmental cost management and is enjoying the benefits out of it. Non-Compliance of environmental laws could lead to huge fines and penalties and loss of goodwill. The society expects the Companies and products should be environmental friendly. Therefore, a best method of environmental cost management which define the proposition in which these costs and spent and analyzed should be implemented. A proper prioritization of spending on environmental costs is needed to ensure that the best is made out of it. For example, spending effectively on prevention and detection costs will bring a big reduction on the failure costs. In case of Milbourn Manufacturers, the cost spent on Testing for contamination is $ 28,000 (Detection Costs) and they end up in paying $ 260,000 on Cleaning up the contaminated soil (External Failure Costs). If a proper study is made before spending on environmental costs, the investment on testing for contamination would be more and the result will bring out the best possible method of production to avoid failure and end up in spending on the cleaning cost lesser. Generally, the environmental costs are reported along with general overheads. A separate reporting of these costs and a further analysis of the same with respect to the total income/total costs or allocation of the same into cost objects will help to identify the crucial relationships between environmental costs and related products/process. A comparison of the costs should be made with that of previous periods, other divisions of the Company or other organizations in the industry. While preparing the specific report on environmental costs, attention must be also given to qualitative /non-monetary measures which portray the Company as more environmental friendly. References Amhed, R. (1994) Organisations and budgetary slack, London: Quoram books. Apte, P. (2008) International financial management, New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. Jerry, J. Paul, D. Donald, E. (2000) Managerial Accounting Tools for business Decision making, USA: John Viley Sons Inc. Patel, V.G. (2007) When the Going Gets tough strategic responses to Business crisis, New delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. Schalteggar, S. Bennet, M. Burrit, R. L. and Jasch, C. (2008) Environmental Management Accounting for a Cleaner Production, UK: Springer Science. Sharan, V. (2012), Fundamentals of Financial Management, India: Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt Ltd

Christmas Essays - Christmas, Christmas Decorations,

Christmas Time Christmas time is a wonderful time for me to celebrate. It is also the most joyful and memorable season. To bring Christmas time, I go to many festivals and activities. Where include the city park,the Christmas parade, and church. I also decorate my house inside and outside to get into the Christmas spirit. The Christmas season makes me excited and makes me smile. At Christmas time, I enjoy many celebrations and activities. The city park has an annual caroling night. I join with high school band and chorus. I sing the Christmas music. I sing song to wish everyone Merry Christmas. The city also has a Christmas parade. I take a Christmas boat. This boat tour for me around downtown. The church is a busy place to celebrate during the holiday. I decorate the church with holly. I help in many ways to provide things for poor people. I cook turkey with honey, spaghetti, and roast beef to serve for Christmas dinner. I like to devote my time and effort to show my love to people at the Christmas time. For this holiday, my house is decorated with ornaments inside and outside. On the front side of my house, I make big smile with lights. On my wall, I create an Wu 2 animated Santa' snowman. Also, on the lawn I scatter deer. My door has a circle-string wreath with tinkle bells. I decorate pine trees by hanging them with brightly colored ornaments, twinkling lights, and some stockings. I wrap my presents with colored paper and placed under the Christmas tree. I put three strings of light in my room. I do my best to decorate my house. By hanging lights and decorating trees, I hope to enjoy my Christmas in my house. To me Christmas is a special holiday to celebrate with people and enjoy each other. I never forget Christmas because it is time for me to get together. I like to make my house beautiful, so Christmas will be more memorable.

xenotransplantation essays

xenotransplantation essays Xenotransplantation: Should we pursue the risk? An argument against using animals for transplant organs. Human organ and tissue transplantation (allotransplantation) is common surgery in the United States. The procedure is carried out in order to save the lives of individuals suffering organ failure and serious disease. Examples of this include kidney, heart, liver, and lung transplants. In 1996, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States estimated that approximately 48,000 people were on the waiting list for suitable organs for transplantation, and an estimated 3,000 people die each year in the US while waiting for suitable organs or tissue for transplantation.1 One possible alternative to human organ transplantation is xenotransplantation, using animal organs and tissues for transplantation in humans. At this time, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in conjunction with the Public Health Service and Center for Disease Control are assessing the need for xenotransplantation and whether or not a balance between public health risk and the potential promise of a suitable organ and tissue source can be found. The main reason to continue xenotransplant research is the overwhelming demand for replacement human organs and tissues. The potential of human lives saved and diminishing human suffering is driving the demand for the research. Opponents of xenotransplantation argue that, although the need for more suitable organs is great, the risks outweigh the need. Arguments against research include scientific reasons and ethical considerations. The idea of xenotransplantation is not a new concept. Experiments in xenotransplantation date back to 1905, but the majority of the attempts to transplant animal organs into humans have been made since the 1960s, aided by advances in the understanding of the immune system and the availability of new drugs. At this time possible xenograft candidat...

THE ROLE OF IMF IN THE INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY AND HOW IT Research Paper

THE ROLE OF IMF IN THE INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY AND HOW IT PLAYS A ROLE ON THE POLITICS AND ECONOMICS IN NIGERIA AND CAME - Research Paper Example That is whether the nations would have performed better without IMF or whether they had influence in preventing the prosperity of the changes suggested by IMF. The economic and political state of the nations due to IMF influence at present and the opinions why or why not did the nations recover are in addition discussed. What IMF is International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a global institution that offers monetary assistance and advice to member nations. IMF came into existence at the conclusion of World War II, because of the Bretton Woods Meeting in 1945. It was formed out of demand to curb economic crises such as the Great Depression. The institution has turned to an enduring organization integral to the formation of monetary markets globally and to the development of the growing nations (Tenney & Norman, 2011, 149). What IMF does The job of IMF is of three major kinds: Surveillance includes the supervising of economic and monetary growths, and the offering of rule advice, targeted ma inly at crisis-avoidance. IMF as well lends to nations with balance of payments hardships, to offer temporary funding and to promote rules targeted at rectifying the underlying challenges. Loans to low revenue nations are in addition targeted mainly at poverty lowering. ... IMF as well plays a significant role in the battle against funds laundering and violence (Fritz-Krockow & Parmeshwar, 2007, 2). Origins and original aims of IMF IMF is a global institution that was started in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Meeting and officially formed during 1945 by twenty-nine member nations. IMF’s expressed objective was to aid in the rebuilding of the sphere’s global payment system after World War II. Nations contribute funds to a pool by a quota scheme from which nations with payment disparities may scrounge money temporarily. By this task and others like observation of its members’ economies and the requirement for personal-rectifying rules, IMF does job to enhance the economies of its member nations. IMF defines itself like an institution of one hundred and eighty eight nations, doing job to foster international financial cooperation, protect monetary steadiness, enable global trade, support great employment and maintainable economic developmen t, and lower poverty across the sphere. Its headquarters are in Washington, D.C., United States. The original aims of IMF included: Offering a forum for cooperation on global financial challenges Enable the development of global trade, therefore supporting job formation, economic development, and poverty lowering Support exchange rate steadiness and an open scheme of global payments; and Loaning nation’s foreign exchange when required, on a temporary basis and under sufficient securities to aid them handle balance of payments challenges (Jacobsen & Ramesh, 2008, 268). Success and failures of IMF vision Global trade grew rapidly from the 1950’s. There was

Analzye a topic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Analzye a topic - Assignment Example The artifacts depict the river of life as its prevalent theme. Through this representation, the artist intended to show the world the significance of environmental conservation. Moreover, the artwork shows that no matter how minute our contribution to the planet might be we are capable of transforming the universe. The painting is also utilitarian since it shows the spirit of restoration. On the other hand, the Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious by Alexander McQueen illustrate utilitarian themes (Alexander web). The artwork creates or utilizes space, which was a major theme in the 20th century. Through the creation, the artist demonstrates our ability to use minimal space through thoughtful designs. Due to economic and social demands, women were expected to undertake roles or duties that were performed by men. The black coat initially designed for women, also shows social changes that accompanied the 19th century revolutions. It was a utilitarian belief that economic and social prosp erities could only be achieved if women changed their thinking. The coat makes its wearer to appear huge. Indeed, the coat inspires its wearer, making them have a sense of pride and a conquering