Pony Express, Mail Service Operating Between Saint Joseph, Missouri, A

Horse Express, mail administration working between Saint Joseph, Missouri, and Sacramento, California, introduced on April 3, 1860, under the bearing of the Central Overland California and Pike's Peak Express Company. Around then, normal mail conveyance took as long as three weeks to cross the landmass. The Pony Express conveyed mail quickly overland riding a horse the about 2000 miles between St. Joseph and Sacramento; the timetable permitted ten days for the outing. The mail was then conveyed by vessel to San Francisco. Stations averaging from the start 40 km (25 mi) separated were built up, and every rider was required to cover 120 km (75 mi) a day. Horse Express riders were normally lightweight youngsters, regularly adolescents. Extraordinary seat sacks that could be moved to a new pony rapidly at a change station were utilized. Wild ox Bill was a popular Pony Express rider. In the end, the Pony Express had in excess of 100 stations, 80 riders, and somewhere in the range of 400 and 500 ponies. The express course was incredibly unsafe, yet just one mail conveyance was ever lost. The Pony Express is attributed with assisting with keeping California in the Union by giving quick correspondence between the two coasts. Updates on the appointment of Abraham Lincoln to the United States administration in 1860 and of the episode of the American Civil War in 1861 arrived at California by means of the Pony Express. The ordinary Pony Express help was ended in October 1861, after the Pacific Telegraph Company finished its line to San Francisco. The Pony Express was created by William H. Russell, William B. Waddell, and Alexander Majors. Monetarily, the Pony Express was a disappointment, driving its organizers to chapter 11. In any case, the dramatization encompassing the Pony Express made it a piece of the legend of the American West. List of sources Horse Express, Microsoft? Encarta? Online Encyclopedia 2000 http://encarta.msn.com ? 1997-2000

Haymarket Riot

As aftereffect of the Industrial Revolution, individuals in America earned more cash, a large portion of which they used to start new organizations and processing plants. There were presently a wide range of sorts of machines to accomplish the work that individuals needed to destroy themselves the past. In this manner, machines quickly supplanted individuals. Presently with less individuals working and getting paid, there were individuals that could bear the cost of what these manufacturing plants were making. The vast majority of the individuals working in the United States as of now were settlers, so they had to work for exceptionally low wages. A working grown-up would be viewed as fortunate to bring home a day by day pay of just $2. 00. Children then again, just made around 70 pennies per day for spending their whole youth figuring out coal or performing different arduous occupations. The vast majority worked somewhere in the range of ten and fourteen hours every day with peanuts for money. As result, Chicago Illinois, just as numerous different urban areas in the United States, fell into neediness. Nonetheless, not all representatives right now were brutal and blackhearted. Most at the time however simply needed to take advantage of their representatives for minimal measure of pay. Before long the Labor Union development began. Individuals in this association needed to boycott youngster work, increment pay, and to make shorter workdays. A great many clashes broke out generating from the Labor Union; a significant number of which the police were gotten to settle. By 1886, the significant worry of the Labor Union was to build up an eight-hour workday. At this point there were a few associations, all of which couldn't concur with each other on the most proficient method to battle for this legitimately merited interest. At long last, the Knights of Labor, who started in Chicago, sorted out an across the country strike. In any case, the papers, business pioneers, and lawmakers didn t concur with these activities. They stated, the new eight-hour workday would advance loafing, betting, revolting, lewdness and inebriation (Simon). Realizing that they would be terminated, laborers despite everything went to bat for what they trusted in and finished the strike. On May1, 1886, the strike gazed. In excess of 300,000 specialists took to the streets in nine distinct urban areas over the huge country. One of these urban communities was Boston. Be that as it may, just a couple of managers across the nation conceded their representatives the shorter workday. As result, the following two months were loaded up with the police, the strikers, and the scabs. Scabs were individuals who would not take to the streets with the remainder of their colleagues. They procured this name from the irate strikers. On May 3, 1886, in excess of 500 strikers got together with certain scabs as they were leaving a plant in Chicago. The upset crowd shot the scabs with sticks, rocks, and pretty much anything they could conceivable get their hands on. This proceeded until police showed up and in the end separated the battle. August Spies at that point continued to sort out a dissent meeting in Haymarket Square. The strikers were advised to be outfitted on the off chance that the police turned to savagery on them. The next day when Spies went to the gathering he talked before around 1,200 individuals. Albert Parsons, alongside Spies and different speakers, talked about the McCormick revolt, and the rights and the obligations of the American specialist. At that point as it came down, individuals gradually started to leave and head home. One of the numerous to leave was the chairman of the city, Charter H. Harrison. In transit home he visited the police headquarters to tell the officials ready and waiting that they could return home in light of the fact that the dissent was quiet. Around ten minutes after the fact, two covert operators went to the police headquarters and said that there were some hostile things being said at the dissent, and that the officials ought to go split it up. At the point when the police showed up at Haymarket Square, a few words just as activities were shared between the strikers and the police. After a short time, a bomb was secretly tossed into the horde of police. This was the first run through a bomb like this was utilized in the United States. Rapidly reacting to the bomb, the cops started to fire into the horde of strikers and crap hit the fan. As consequence of the bomb, one cop was executed right away, and six others passed on inside the following fourteen days in light of genuine injuries. The next day the papers were stacked with title texts which blamed Spies, Parsons, and Fielden of discharging this dangerous bomb into the group. A few papers even said that the Haymarket mob, rebels, and communists were the explanation behind different unsettling influences around the nation. They said that disciplines ought to be managed to Spies, Parsons and Fielden, in light of the fact that individuals of the United States were blaming them for homicide. In any case, one paper revealed that if the police hadn t struck the dissent, there wouldn t have been a bomb tossed, in light of the fact that there wouldn t have been anything to start the contention. Another paper, the Labor Enquirer, wrote in one of it s articles, twice the same number of genuine men were killed in coal mineshafts as have been murdered in Chicago, and there isn t any clamor whatsoever about it (americanhistory. com). Still different papers composed that is working and day to day environments were better, at that point none of this likely would have occurred. Commander Michael J. Shaak was so shocked by the Haymarket revolt that he captured several individuals who went to the dissent that day, or even the individuals who were associated with being there. While making every one of these captures, the commander found mystery social orders and bombs, on numerous different intrigues. Without warrants, he proceeded with his examination by breaking into houses. At that point he continued to beat and pay off individuals into saying that they were observers to what went on in the Haymarket Square. Be that as it may, out of every one of these several individuals who were captured, just eight individuals were brought to a real preliminary. These eight individuals were August Spies, Albert Parsons, Samuel Fielden, Adolph Fisher, Michael Schwabb, Louis Lingg, Oscar Neebee, and George Engel. Awfully enough, just three out of these eight men were really at Haymarket square when the uproar broke out. On June 21, 1886, the preliminary for these eight men started. The respondents were supposed to be the longshots in light of the fact that the jury was hand-picked by Judge Joseph E. Gary, who urgently needed these men to be sentenced for homicide. Numerous individuals considered the litigants blameworthy, and these individuals needed the men to confront a similar discipline as the individuals who lost their lives in the mob. As it were, they were needed dead. Under the steady gaze of the preliminary began, Judge Joseph E. Gary was cited saying, those colleagues will be hanged as sure as death (Encarta 99). The primary assault by the barrier during the preliminary was that the jury was preference. Be that as it may, the appointed authority just overruled every one of these endeavors made by the resistance, and the out of line preliminary continued. During the preliminary, the state s lawyer was permitted to ask anything he desired to. Likewise, the protection was not permitted to question the observers, who were for the most part police officers or bogus observers, so as to convict the men of the wrongdoing. As the preliminary continued, the police repedily indicated bombs and alluded to the men as revolutionaries. Despite the fact that there was no proof to demonstrate that the respondents knew anything about the bomb or who tossed it, they were in the end indicted for homicide. On the morning of August 20, the jury entered the court with their decision. Seven out of the eight men being investigated were condemned to death. Oscar Neebee was the one in particular who was condemned to prison time. He got an astounding fifteen years in prison for a wrongdoing he didn't submit. In any case, he was the just one out of the eight men who was permitted to live. A few papers announced that these men were being investigated simply because of their political perspectives. Be that as it may, a great many people couldn't have cared less to concur with these announcements and discussion keeps on blending. At the point when the decision was reported that loathsome morning, individuals outside the court lit up with fervor and delight. Some were glad to such an extent that they were happy to grant the jury with a money reward only for sentencing the respondents. The main individuals that were dismal over the decision were the groups of the safeguard, the attorneys, and obviously the respondents themselves. The press at that point proceeded to state that the main terrible thing about the entire preliminary was that the respondents couldn't request seeing as how they were condemned to death. Request to the decision was actually what the litigants attorneys did. On March 13, 1887, six adjudicators from the Illinois Supreme Court met in Ottawa to tune in to the intrigue. At the point when the appointed authorities were finished looking into the case they conceded that it was an unreasonable preliminary. Be that as it may, they neglected to take care of business. The resistance lawyer, Mr. Dark, at that point went after for an intrigue at U. S. court central command, however they would not take a gander at the case. At long last the resistance went to their final hotel, the legislative head of Illinois, to request an acquittal. It was extraordinary planning by the guard on the grounds that the open was starting to feel frustrated about the seven destined men. A few people kept in touch with the senator expressing that the main thing these men were blameworthy of was their assessment. At long last the representative chose to hold a meeting for these men. That day was loaded up with a great deal of advances and contentions. On November 11, 1887, the representative declared that there would be no exoneration. In any case, presently just four out of the eight men would be executed. It would have been five yet Louis Lingg was discovered before that morning with a large portion of his head passed over. It was managed a self destruction. Michael Shwab and Samuel Fielden got their capital punishments diminished to life in jail. So now Parsons, Spies, Fisher, and Engel would be executed. Incredibly they acknowledged this sentence with no shock or opposition. That equivalent day, the four residual men strolled to their deathsite. As they were being set up to be hanged, Spies howled out his final words which were, There will come when our quiet will be more impressive than the voices you choke today! Following Parsons let out his last words, Will I be permitted to represent men o

Camp Kesem!

Camp Kesem! Exactly three weeks from today, Ill be done with my freshman year of college. SCARY. Two midterms, two short stories, four final exams (ahhh, finals), and several doses of caffeine lie between me and that fateful day, when I shelve my textbooks and notes and give it up for three wonderful summer-y months. I have a few things lined up for the summer, and one that Im extremely excited about is Camp Kesem or Camp Magic :) This might sound familiar to those of you who have been reading the blogs for a long, long while; Melis 08 wrote about it a few years ago, when the MIT branch of Camp Kesem was initially founded. Essentially, Camp Kesem is a free week-long summer camp for kids of cancer patients; more importantly, its a chance for these youngsters to forget about difficult times at home for just a little while and to immerse themselves in pure camp fun. Im lucky enough to be one of the CK 2010 counselors :) Weve already been working really hard to make this years camp a great success. Our hope is to send 60 kids to Camp Kesem this summer, some of whom will be teens! This is the first time that CK-MIT has a teen program its going to be awesomeee. Since camp is free of cost, the other counselors and I have dedicated quite a bit of time and effort towards fundraising. Our fundraising goal is $55,000, and each counselor is responsible for raising at least $400. In general, Im not that great at fundraising because Im really awkward about asking people for money. But somehow, Ive managed to raise about $200 so far; I think theres something about the general premise of Camp Kesem that people (myself included) find immensely appealing: kids helping kids. I love the way that sounds. Our fundraising ideas tend to be pretty creative. One that I find particularly hilarious is Stuff My Cups, which may be more effectively described with a picture: The guys shamelessly donned certain *ahem* female attire (never before worn, just fyi) during CPW, the Boston Marathon, and a few other events; aside from eliciting a general sense of amusement, they also proceeded to raise thousands. I admit that this tactic is slightly crude, but each and every cent we raised went towards Camp Kesem. And people truly appreciated our eccentricity in light of the cause we were supporting. Throughout this semester, weve had counselor training sessions, and though they take up a good six hours during the weekend, I enjoy them immensely. We play games, make skits, sing songs (in an obnoxiously loud and delightful manner), and practice skills well need at camp. I admire each and every one of my fellow counselors, some of whom have struggled with cancer in their own families. Together, the forty or so of us manage to laugh at everything; theres such a huge sense of belonging: if I ever need anything, I definitely have an entire group of people willing to help me out. I know that you seniors only have a few days to commit to a college, but if you choose MIT (and you should =P), do consider being a part of Camp Kesem! If youd like to know more about CK-MIT, take a look at these links: CK-MIT Website MIT Spectrum article on founder (and Rhodes Scholar! WOOT!) Caroline Huang Interview with Caroline Huang Ill keep you updated on how Camp Kesem goes :)

Wilfred Life Of Wilfred Owen - 914 Words

Wilfred Owen Poetry Wilfred Edward Salter Owen was an English poet and soldier, whose renowned compositions were distinguished in their delivery of a tenacious condemnation of the First World War. Born, 18 March 1893 in Oswestry, Shropshire, Owen commenced his poetic endeavours through his adolescence, and after having completed his schooling, soon became a teaching assistant and aspired for vocational pursuits. However, these were soon disparaged with the eminence of the Fist World War, and in 1915, he eventually returned to England, where he enlisted in the Artists Rifles Officers Training Corps. On January 1917, Wilfred Owen left for the Western Front, where his imaginative existence was drastically changed after involvement within numerous traumatic experiences. Soon afterwards, Owen was diagnosed as suffering from neurasthenia, and he was subsequently evacuated to England and arrived at Craiglockhart War Hospital, where he became acquainted with the poet Siegfried Sassoon, who shared many of his views and revolutionised Owen’s style and conception of poetry. He returned to France in August 1918 and in October was awarded the Military Cross for bravery, yet, shortly after; on 4 November 1918 Wilfred Owen was killed upon crossing the Sambre–Oise Canal. Wilfred Owen’s most renowned compositions include: Anthem for Doomed Youth, Dulce et Decorum est and Futility, each of which transgress barriers in delivering a harrowing condemnation of War. Throughout Anthem for aShow MoreRelatedWilfred Owen s Life And Work1207 Words   |  5 PagesWilfred Owen born in Oswestry, raised in Birkenhead and Shrewsbury. In 1913 Owen broke from the Roam Catholic Church and went to teach English in France. Owen always had the determination to become a poet. While teaching in France, he worked on the rhyming patterns which became the prominent characteristics of his poetry. In 1915 Owen enlisted in the British Army. His first experiences in January-May 1917 of active service was as an officer at the Battle of the Somme. Battle of Somme, led to hisRead MoreNature in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Birth-Mark and Wilfred Owens Disabled1428 Words   |  6 PagesFreedom is an entity that people desire to have in life. Nathaniel Hawthorne in The Birth-Mark and Wilfred Owens in Disabled both have similar plots about two peoples concern for nature. Nathaniel Hawthorne The Birth-Mark focuses on the importance of nature. In the story â€Å"The Birth-Mark,â €  nature is said to be the most compelling thing man has made. The main character Aylmer, a scientist, is obsessed with perfection and nature. Aylmer is trying to live a life of fantasy because of his desire for perfectionRead MoreThe Soldier By Rupert Brooke And Anthem For Doomed Youth By Wilfred Owen1367 Words   |  6 Pages‘The Soldier’ by Rupert Brooke and ‘Anthem for Doomed Youth’ by Wilfred Owen are two World War One era sonnets, both making a comment on what it means to die in war. The two poets show very different views on war, as both had very different experiences in war. Rupert Brooke died before he made it to war, his poem highlights the soldier as a hero and glorifies dying in war, in contrast Wilfred Owen shows a grittier side to death in war, as he experienced war first hand and his poem is real and brutalRead MoreThe Most Enduring Phenomena Spawned The Great War Created A Literal Response1564 Words   |  7 PagesTraining Corps. As ho nourable soldiers we’re aware that as time passes, our imaginative existence has changed dramatically by a number of traumatic experiences. We, are ALL Wilfred Owen. One of the most enduring phenomena spawned The Great War created a literal response which evoked from its immediate participants, the soldiers. Owen writes with intense focus on war as an extraordinary human experience. The poems also document other experiences, such as human cruelty and suffering which are carefullyRead MoreAnger and Injustice Described in Wilfred Owens Poem Dulce et Decorum est1033 Words   |  5 PagesDecorum est was written by Wilfred Owen during World War One, and is probably the most popular war-poem ever written.The title is part of the Latin phrase Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori which means It is sweet and right to die for your country. Wilfred Owen saw the war first-hand and this poem is about a gas attack that he witnessed. Throughout this poem Owen gives the sense of anger and i njustice through the use of many different poetic techniques. Wilfred Owen emphasises the conditionRead More To compare the ways in which these poems display the horrors of war.1616 Words   |  7 Pagespoems, The Soldier, by Rupert Brooke, Dulce et Decorum Est, and Anthem for Doomed Youth, both written by Wilfred Owen. Compare how these poems show the horrors of World War 1. To compare the ways in which these poems display the horrors of war. I have selected three poems, The Soldier, by Rupert Brooke, Dulce et Decorum Est, and Anthem for Doomed Youth, both written by Wilfred Owen. I chose Anthem for Doomed Youth and Dulce et Decorum Est because they are very similar and show theRead MoreCompare and Contrast Dulce Et Decorum Est and Charge of the Light Brigade1442 Words   |  6 Pagesthese two poems convey? We have been studying the war poems Dulce Et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen and Charge Of The Light Brigade by Alfred Lord Tennyson. Dulce Et Decorum Est was written during the First World War from 1914 to 1918 whilst Charge Of The Light Brigade was composed in the 19th century, and describes a battle that took place during the Crimean War. Both poems give a different impression of war. Wilfred Owen writes about the pity of war and his responsibility to warn other generations ofRead MoreComparing Dulce ET Decorum EST and the Charge of the Light Brigade759 Words   |  4 Pagesglory of war, despite the fact that, the English parliament had the wrong judgment this is why six hundred soldiers died. Wilfred Owen ´s poem, on the other hand, tells everybody what has really happened, we are more likely to believe what Wilfred Owen is saying because he was the one who was in the battlefield were as Tennyson wasnt . Wilfred Owen presents the horror of the senseless deaths in the trenches and shows us how the famous line from a poet, it is sweet andRead MoreAnalysis Of Wilfred Owen s `` Dulce Et Decorum Est ``1256 Words   |  6 PagesWilfred Owen is remembered as one of the greatest poets to capture the war in words. His work was described as â€Å"the finest written by any English poet of the first War and probably the greatest poems about war in our literature† (Lewis 11) despite him only having had 4 poems published in his lifetime, though he did write many more. His poems truly did capture the terror and harsh truth of the hardships the soldiers faced in the trenches everyday during World War I, evident in â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est†Read MoreIs Vitai Lampada Similar to Dulce Et Decorum Est1634 Words   |  7 Pageswar but they are wrote in completely different ways. Firstly, Wilfred Owen wrote a poem named Dulce et Decorum. Wilfred Owen was born in 1893 in Owestry, Shropshire and he died in 1918. Dulce et Decorum was written in 1917. Wilfred Owen enlisted for the war i n 1915 and trained in England until the end of 1916. In 1917 he was posted to France to fight where he was often in the trenches. Wilfred Owen suffered shell shock and was sent to Craig Lockhart hospital near Edinburgh. This

The Impact Of Pre Colonised Australian And Its Indigenous...

This essay will describe what the Gammage Thesis is and how it impacts on the perception of pre-colonised Australian and its indigenous populations. The Gammage thesis is the theory that Australia in its entirety had been managed and shaped by the Aboriginal communities, tending to it as one might a private park. William Gammage, author of the book â€Å"The Biggest Estate on EARTH: How Aboriginals Made Australia† describes in great detail Australia’s environment before and after the British colonisation and the destruction of the native populations, as well as giving huge amounts of evidence supporting his theory. William (Bill) Gammage is a professor at the Australian National University; studying and teaching Aboriginal Land Managements in 1788. He is author to a number of books about Australian warfare and Aboriginal history and is the originator of the Gammage Thesis. Gammage believes, and gives well-documented evidence, that the Australia discovered by the first colonisers was not its natural state, but the accumulation of thousands of years shaping by the Indigenous people using the fire-stick methods to suit their needs (3). In order to understand his reasoning, one must first understand that what the ‘fire-stick method’ actually is. The act of burning the land at specific times interrupts the reproductive rates of slow growing species and allows greater diversity, as well as allowing younger, more desired plants to take root (2). The production of fresher plants causeShow MoreRelatedAustralia s Indigenous People Of The World s Most Ancient Living Cultures1737 Words   |  7 PagesPeople who are not from Australia, may have never heard the word Indigenous or know the meaning behind it. If they have heard the word they might not know about Australia’s Indigenous people. Maybe when they think of Australia they automatically think of British convicts. Only the British convicts weren’t the first people to own the land in Australia, there come people way before them and they are still fighting for their rights and land today. It is said that humans have been on this continentRead MoreIntroduction Globalisation is evident in our everyday living, and is inescapable; as it portrays2600 Words   |  11 Pagesresult in a sense of detachment and loss of place and culture. The process of globalisation, however is now being reconstructed in a means to advocate and create awareness of global inequalities such as feminism. For centuries the progressions of colonised countries has been structured around the ideologies of an empire nation. The indignant behaviour towards women fuelled the fight towards equality between the sexes, known as the feminist movement. Colonialism had dramatic consequences that are stillRead MoreAboriginal And Torres Strait Islander Histories And Cultures Into Classroom Curriculum2443 Words   |  10 Pagesyour ideas using the Australian Curriculum conceptual framework for embedding Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander histories and cultures. Aboriginal Studies and Torres Strait Islander Studies include histories, cultures, values, beliefs, languages, lifestyles and roles of Aboriginal societies or Torres Strait Islander societies before and after invasion. This study of Torres Strait Islander people and Aboriginal people presents an accurate history of Australia. Indigenous Studies covers both AboriginalRead MoreThe Colonisation Of Australia By Jordan T. Sharp2179 Words   |  9 Pageswhich still continue in today’s societies. Colonisation is the process of where control over spirituality, land, language and education, health and family structures and also culture itself is passed down from the indigenous people to the colonisers. (Colonisation and Racism, 2000.) Pre-invasion in Australia, the aboriginal people had their own way of life, they had been living in Australia â€Å"Terra Nullis† for about 50,000 to 120,000 years. They were commonly hunters and gatherers who adapted to theirRead MoreHumans Causing Decline in Biodiversity Essays2274 Words   |  10 Pagesacknowledged that this was almost certainly an underestimate. There have been numerous other speculations, ranging to over 1,000 extinctions per week (Bryson, 2003). The truth is we just don’t know; we are literally unable to put a precise figure on the impact we are having. Regardless, it is clear that in recent times we have seen an exponential increase in the number of cases. The Mascarene island of Mauritius’ national emblem remains to this day the dodo, despite the fact that it is one of the mostRead MoreIndian English Novel17483 Words   |  70 PagesThere has always been in all countries and ages a conflict between the orthodox and the unorthodox, but in India, because the new impulse was identified with an alien culture and foreign domination, the clash of loyalties has been sharper. The very impact of Western thought, with its emphasis on democracy and selfexpression, stimulated a nationalist consciousness which resented the foreign imposition and searched for the roots of self-respect and pride in its own heritage. For instance, Rabindranath

A Perspective of Leadership Through the Eyes of a Great Leader Free Essays

Abraham Lincoln had a distinct way of elevating people. This is evident in one of his leadership techniques as pointed out by Donald Phillips in his book, Leadership: Executive Strategies for Tough Times. This, he had done by recognizing his subordinates, his people as equals. We will write a custom essay sample on A Perspective of Leadership Through the Eyes of a Great Leader or any similar topic only for you Order Now More importantly, it is by not failing to remember that he, as a President acted not as a Chieftain but as representative of the people who elected him; and it is from this people, his power as Chief Executive emanated. In the same way, there are leaders who act based on the same principle as Abraham Lincoln. Take for example, Nelson Mandela. The latter’s leadership although may be viewed very differently from that of Lincoln is characterized by the similar principles in leadership as Lincoln’s. Like Lincoln who is a master of active passivity, Mandela offered only passive resistance against efforts that put the Blacks in the position of permanent servility (Brink, 1998). Like Lincoln who preached visions, in his case, through the Gettysburg Address, Mandela preached visions as a mode of getting across ideas that would set forth the movement towards his objectives. According to him, â€Å"During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to the struggle of the African people. I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But, if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.† (Brink, 1998). Also, like Lincoln, Mandela showed integrity even with his failures which he considered not as such but as blessings which â€Å"enhance rather than diminish his personality (Brink, 1998).† 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In your opinion, what were Lincoln`s most important attributes or traits? It is not proper to say that Abraham Lincoln had a most important leadership attribute for it is only when his traits are seen as a whole that his leadership can be qualified. Saying that one trait is more important than the other means elevating one and subordinating the rest. Surely, it is not only just one or a few leadership attributes which can carry or distinguish Lincoln as a leader from the others. According to Donald Phillips (1992), â€Å"’During his four years as president, Abraham Lincoln spent most of his time among the troops.’ He visited key individuals in government, members of Congress, toured hospitals to visit the wounded, etc. He was a natural wanderer. As a lawyer, he went out to discover the facts first hand.† Still, it cannot be said, for example that Lincoln’s consideration of â€Å"getting out of the office and circulating among the troops† distinguished him over the others because there were leaders who valued such in their leadership too. Princess Diana was considered as a prime figure during her days because she showed empathy to the people and in Phillips’ words, she ‘got out’ in public to experience the people first hand and not only through the eyes of third observers. The same goes with Pope John Paul II who was renowned for his frequent tours among Catholic nations. He was not the Pope who sat down his Papal Chair as he observed the world through his accolades. He went out, shook hands, waved and hugged the people whom he led in faith. Both leaders value â€Å"reaching out to their people† as prime necessity in effective leadership. Having said this, it is the combination of Lincoln’s leadership traits that made him a distinguished him from the others. It is the right amounts of humility, foresight, patience, tact and eloquence that made him one of the supreme leaders not only in the history of the United States but in the history of the world. How to cite A Perspective of Leadership Through the Eyes of a Great Leader, Essays

Organisations and Budgetary Slack

Question: Discuss about the Organisations and Budgetary Slack. Answer: Budgetary Slack refers to the deliberate way of making up the budgetary numbers in favor of the preparer, by either over estimating the budgeted expenses or underestimating the revenue. This is more found in situations where the employees are given performance targets in numbers, their bonuses have a direct linkage with achievement of targets or Companys policy regarding promotion (Dismissal). In this case, the base of the budget numbers will be un-realistic or on a false projection. It can be intentional or unintentional. Intentional budgetary slack also arises when there are prior experiences of not achieving either reduced expenses or increased revenue. In budgetary slack, the risk factors considered might not be genuine and will result in employees behaving unethically. In these cases, budget figures will be easy to get but will reduce quality in performance. The budgeting system has been assumed to affect a managers propensity to create budgetary slack, in the sense that this propensity can be increased or decreased by way in which the budgeting system is designed or complemented (Amhed, 1994, p.12) The main reason of budgetary slack is due to involving subordinate in the budget making process. But if there is a proper communication and a qualitative talk between manager and sub-ordinate, the behavioral problems with subordinates can be avoided to some extent. On the other hand, if an employee achieves the numbers, that creates more inspiration and positive view. So, the budget should not be too unrealistic or too fictional. If it is based on the proven numbers and proper design of methods to achieve the results, the budgetary slacks can be dispensed with. For an employee, who is self- motivated, takes the numbers positively and work towards the same. He takes it more challenging in case the budgets are not achieved. However, for more numbers of employees (basically at the ground level), budgets are normally a big issue to tackle. They tend to search for more options to escape from it. They may provide false data when it is sought or a false feedback about the process/systems. Another problem is that it creates disappointment among employees. If an employee cant achieve the budget consistently he tends to un-trust the system and gradually leaves the organization. Therefore, the budget set on these wrong data, may not serve its purpose and ultimately end up in being a tool for making/(protecting) money for self -reasons and not for business improvement. In addition, even in case of managers, the budget numbers have to be revised time to time according to change in business/market scenario. Every budget activity has to be preceded by a comparison with the actual results. A lot of time would have to be invested in explaining the top management about the variance and its reasonableness. Potential advantages and disadvantages of participative budget in master budget preparation Participate budgeting is a activity in which the employees who are directly impacted by budget are involved in the budget making activity. It is basically a bottom line approach. Since the employees who are having hands on experience in the system are engaged in the budgeting process, the figures are normally achievable but lack a touch of strategic decision making. A budget can have a significant impact on human behavior. It may inspire a manager to higher level of performance. Or, it may discourage additional effort and pull down the morale of a manager (Jerry and Donald, 2000, p. 390) The major advantage of participative budgeting is that it will result in achievement of better results and improves motivation among employees. Since the employees know the data and conditions at the ground level, the quality of numbers will be high. Comparison of budgeted numbers with actual and reasonable check will be easy since the employees will be more familiar with the transactions rather than systems/policies. Since the targeted numbers are set by them, employees are confident and directed towards achieving it instead of being directed by the top management by their imposed budget The disadvantage of participative budget in the master budget making process is that it consumes a lot of time since more number of employees are involved. It may lack quality since the top managements perception about the data or conditions and their high level strategic decisions will be missing here. A main demerit of this process is the Budgetary slack. In case the outcome or actual result of the budget is negative, it may also result in the participated departments to blame each other. Since the relevance and use of participative budget in the master budget making process is important, a proper balancing between the related advantages and risks must be made and communicated to all the users. Advice to VGL Ltd and Milbourn Manufacturers Strategies to overcome temporary shortages of cash A properly designed cash budget helps in ensuring cash is available at the right time and right amount. It also helps to find out if money is idle and an opportunity to save cash exists. It helps to identify the temporary cash shortages in advance. The major strategy to meet temporary cash shortages will be arranging the overdraft from a Bank with whom Company is having tie up. In case of any surplus cash already invested, Company may tend to break the same. But, since these are normally invested in securities/fixed deposits where rate of return will be higher than that of short term borrowing it results in a cash loss. In those cases, a comparative study must be made on the opportunity cost of forgoing the interest income and the interest cost of borrowing. The best method to tackle the temporary cash shortage will be to get into the agreement with the bank to avail the overdraft facility. Here, Company need not have further discussion with the Bank each and every time it require cash and the interest will be charged on daily basis. Just as judicious management of short-term surplus funds can earn extra income for the firm, careful handling of short term deficits can lead to significant savings. The treasurers objective in this regard should be to minimize the overall borrowing requirement consistent with the firms liquidity needs and to fund these at the minimum possible all in cost (Prakash, 2008, p.543) Consequences of not having proper cash management If a proper set up for arrangement of temporary cash is not in place, the Company will end up in loosing extra money in the form of high interest or penalties. They will not be able to pay the creditors in time and there by loose goodwill. The quality of production is affected if raw materials are not supplied in time and employees are not given wages. A Company should always fix its optimum level of cash balance, which is again depending on the nature of industry or working conditions. It depends on effective cash management and borrowing capacity of the Company. Cash is the life blood of the business; In the day to day sense what matters for survival is the availability of adequate cash. For only cash can help the entrepreneur meet his maturing financial obligations. Failure to generate adequate cash can have serious consequences on continuing profitability and solvency of the enterprise (Patel, 2007, p.26) If at any time, Company fail to settle its cash obligations and it is declared legally, the Company will turn to be insolvent. Retaining employees in such situations become difficult. To conclude, as cash is the lifeblood of the business, it must be managed effectively and the shortages must be met well, howsoever small it is. Consequences of carrying surplus cash Having surplus cash in a Company denotes that the management does not know how to manage the Cash. It will create a bad impression in the investors mind. The investors can hardly find out the reason for investing their money in the Company when there is not much changes in the Cash balance between two consecutive accounting periods. The main issue with having surplus cash is the opportunity cost connected with the forego of income from investment. A Management holding too much cash may tend to be more careless about its management. There will not be much pressure of performance. The benefit of investment is that the cash is not lying idle and the firm earns a specific return. But the problem is that making of such investment or disinvestment in order to get the cash back involves a transaction cost or conversion cost. If on the other hand, no such investment is made, such conversion cost does not arise, but there exists an opportunity cost in terms of interest foregone (Sharan, 2012, p173) Some organizations consider having surplus cash as symbol of strength, but having too much cash not put in use actually hurts. Preparation and analysis of environmental cost report Strategy for prioritizing spending on environmental cost categories to reduce negative outcomes For implementing an effective strategy on the spending on environmental costs, management needs a specific idea and information about the nature of Companys products and operations. The definition and classification of environmental costs within a Company is depending on how the information is intended to be used. Since the environmental laws and procedures are ever- changing and the environmental management is critical, a pro-active management should recognize the requirement for integrating the environmental strategies into the main decision making. The four major categories of Environmental Costs are (a) Prevention Costs (b) Detection Costs (c) Internal Failure Costs (d) External Failure Costs. The intensity and sensitivity of these costs are different from each other. Out of the four, external failure costs are more challenging and sensitive. Organizations tend to define environment related costs differently depending on the intended use of the cost information, the organizations view of what is environmental, the organizations economic and environmental goals and other reasons (Schaltegger, Bennett, Burrit and Jasch, 2008, p.329) Many established organizations especially in Industrial sector, have already understood the importance of Environmental cost management and is enjoying the benefits out of it. Non-Compliance of environmental laws could lead to huge fines and penalties and loss of goodwill. The society expects the Companies and products should be environmental friendly. Therefore, a best method of environmental cost management which define the proposition in which these costs and spent and analyzed should be implemented. A proper prioritization of spending on environmental costs is needed to ensure that the best is made out of it. For example, spending effectively on prevention and detection costs will bring a big reduction on the failure costs. In case of Milbourn Manufacturers, the cost spent on Testing for contamination is $ 28,000 (Detection Costs) and they end up in paying $ 260,000 on Cleaning up the contaminated soil (External Failure Costs). If a proper study is made before spending on environmental costs, the investment on testing for contamination would be more and the result will bring out the best possible method of production to avoid failure and end up in spending on the cleaning cost lesser. Generally, the environmental costs are reported along with general overheads. A separate reporting of these costs and a further analysis of the same with respect to the total income/total costs or allocation of the same into cost objects will help to identify the crucial relationships between environmental costs and related products/process. A comparison of the costs should be made with that of previous periods, other divisions of the Company or other organizations in the industry. While preparing the specific report on environmental costs, attention must be also given to qualitative /non-monetary measures which portray the Company as more environmental friendly. References Amhed, R. (1994) Organisations and budgetary slack, London: Quoram books. Apte, P. (2008) International financial management, New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. Jerry, J. Paul, D. Donald, E. (2000) Managerial Accounting Tools for business Decision making, USA: John Viley Sons Inc. Patel, V.G. (2007) When the Going Gets tough strategic responses to Business crisis, New delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. Schalteggar, S. Bennet, M. Burrit, R. L. and Jasch, C. (2008) Environmental Management Accounting for a Cleaner Production, UK: Springer Science. Sharan, V. (2012), Fundamentals of Financial Management, India: Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt Ltd

Christmas Essays - Christmas, Christmas Decorations,

Christmas Time Christmas time is a wonderful time for me to celebrate. It is also the most joyful and memorable season. To bring Christmas time, I go to many festivals and activities. Where include the city park,the Christmas parade, and church. I also decorate my house inside and outside to get into the Christmas spirit. The Christmas season makes me excited and makes me smile. At Christmas time, I enjoy many celebrations and activities. The city park has an annual caroling night. I join with high school band and chorus. I sing the Christmas music. I sing song to wish everyone Merry Christmas. The city also has a Christmas parade. I take a Christmas boat. This boat tour for me around downtown. The church is a busy place to celebrate during the holiday. I decorate the church with holly. I help in many ways to provide things for poor people. I cook turkey with honey, spaghetti, and roast beef to serve for Christmas dinner. I like to devote my time and effort to show my love to people at the Christmas time. For this holiday, my house is decorated with ornaments inside and outside. On the front side of my house, I make big smile with lights. On my wall, I create an Wu 2 animated Santa' snowman. Also, on the lawn I scatter deer. My door has a circle-string wreath with tinkle bells. I decorate pine trees by hanging them with brightly colored ornaments, twinkling lights, and some stockings. I wrap my presents with colored paper and placed under the Christmas tree. I put three strings of light in my room. I do my best to decorate my house. By hanging lights and decorating trees, I hope to enjoy my Christmas in my house. To me Christmas is a special holiday to celebrate with people and enjoy each other. I never forget Christmas because it is time for me to get together. I like to make my house beautiful, so Christmas will be more memorable.

xenotransplantation essays

xenotransplantation essays Xenotransplantation: Should we pursue the risk? An argument against using animals for transplant organs. Human organ and tissue transplantation (allotransplantation) is common surgery in the United States. The procedure is carried out in order to save the lives of individuals suffering organ failure and serious disease. Examples of this include kidney, heart, liver, and lung transplants. In 1996, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States estimated that approximately 48,000 people were on the waiting list for suitable organs for transplantation, and an estimated 3,000 people die each year in the US while waiting for suitable organs or tissue for transplantation.1 One possible alternative to human organ transplantation is xenotransplantation, using animal organs and tissues for transplantation in humans. At this time, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in conjunction with the Public Health Service and Center for Disease Control are assessing the need for xenotransplantation and whether or not a balance between public health risk and the potential promise of a suitable organ and tissue source can be found. The main reason to continue xenotransplant research is the overwhelming demand for replacement human organs and tissues. The potential of human lives saved and diminishing human suffering is driving the demand for the research. Opponents of xenotransplantation argue that, although the need for more suitable organs is great, the risks outweigh the need. Arguments against research include scientific reasons and ethical considerations. The idea of xenotransplantation is not a new concept. Experiments in xenotransplantation date back to 1905, but the majority of the attempts to transplant animal organs into humans have been made since the 1960s, aided by advances in the understanding of the immune system and the availability of new drugs. At this time possible xenograft candidat...

THE ROLE OF IMF IN THE INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY AND HOW IT Research Paper

THE ROLE OF IMF IN THE INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY AND HOW IT PLAYS A ROLE ON THE POLITICS AND ECONOMICS IN NIGERIA AND CAME - Research Paper Example That is whether the nations would have performed better without IMF or whether they had influence in preventing the prosperity of the changes suggested by IMF. The economic and political state of the nations due to IMF influence at present and the opinions why or why not did the nations recover are in addition discussed. What IMF is International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a global institution that offers monetary assistance and advice to member nations. IMF came into existence at the conclusion of World War II, because of the Bretton Woods Meeting in 1945. It was formed out of demand to curb economic crises such as the Great Depression. The institution has turned to an enduring organization integral to the formation of monetary markets globally and to the development of the growing nations (Tenney & Norman, 2011, 149). What IMF does The job of IMF is of three major kinds: Surveillance includes the supervising of economic and monetary growths, and the offering of rule advice, targeted ma inly at crisis-avoidance. IMF as well lends to nations with balance of payments hardships, to offer temporary funding and to promote rules targeted at rectifying the underlying challenges. Loans to low revenue nations are in addition targeted mainly at poverty lowering. ... IMF as well plays a significant role in the battle against funds laundering and violence (Fritz-Krockow & Parmeshwar, 2007, 2). Origins and original aims of IMF IMF is a global institution that was started in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Meeting and officially formed during 1945 by twenty-nine member nations. IMF’s expressed objective was to aid in the rebuilding of the sphere’s global payment system after World War II. Nations contribute funds to a pool by a quota scheme from which nations with payment disparities may scrounge money temporarily. By this task and others like observation of its members’ economies and the requirement for personal-rectifying rules, IMF does job to enhance the economies of its member nations. IMF defines itself like an institution of one hundred and eighty eight nations, doing job to foster international financial cooperation, protect monetary steadiness, enable global trade, support great employment and maintainable economic developmen t, and lower poverty across the sphere. Its headquarters are in Washington, D.C., United States. The original aims of IMF included: Offering a forum for cooperation on global financial challenges Enable the development of global trade, therefore supporting job formation, economic development, and poverty lowering Support exchange rate steadiness and an open scheme of global payments; and Loaning nation’s foreign exchange when required, on a temporary basis and under sufficient securities to aid them handle balance of payments challenges (Jacobsen & Ramesh, 2008, 268). Success and failures of IMF vision Global trade grew rapidly from the 1950’s. There was

Analzye a topic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Analzye a topic - Assignment Example The artifacts depict the river of life as its prevalent theme. Through this representation, the artist intended to show the world the significance of environmental conservation. Moreover, the artwork shows that no matter how minute our contribution to the planet might be we are capable of transforming the universe. The painting is also utilitarian since it shows the spirit of restoration. On the other hand, the Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious by Alexander McQueen illustrate utilitarian themes (Alexander web). The artwork creates or utilizes space, which was a major theme in the 20th century. Through the creation, the artist demonstrates our ability to use minimal space through thoughtful designs. Due to economic and social demands, women were expected to undertake roles or duties that were performed by men. The black coat initially designed for women, also shows social changes that accompanied the 19th century revolutions. It was a utilitarian belief that economic and social prosp erities could only be achieved if women changed their thinking. The coat makes its wearer to appear huge. Indeed, the coat inspires its wearer, making them have a sense of pride and a conquering

British Phonographic Industry: Structure and Competition

British Phonographic Industry: Structure and Competition Olivia Boachie Business Economics and Industrial Organisation The following analysis attempts to assess the structure and sources of competitive pressure in the British Phonographic Industry using Porters five forces framework model, and how the advent of the internet has affected the structure and performance of the industry. Michael Porter’s Five-Forces model of the music industry Michael Porter’s Five-Forces framework model recognises the economic forces that affect industry profits. The five forces are: Internal rivalry, Entry, Substitutes and complements, Supplier power and Buyer power. These forces may affect and abolish the revenues of current businesses. The five forces framework is a business study and industry strategy improvement instrument which lets marketers eventually generate stakeholder value through industry events. The key factors of appeal are the demand and supply of products in the market, quantity of entrants presently in the market and their strengths and weaknesses. In response to the essay question, the British Phonographic Industry will be examined critically through each of the five forces. A graphical representation of Porter’s Framework is shown below: British Phonographic Industry â€Å"BPI (British Phonographic Industry) represents the UK’s recorded music industry, which is one of the most exciting and thriving music sectors in the world. British artists account for one in eight albums purchased by fans around the globe† (http://www.bpi.co.uk/about-bpi.aspx). BPI co-owns the Official Charts Company in â€Å"a joint venture with the Entertainment Retails Association (ERA). The Official Charts Company is responsible for the commissioning, distribution, marketing and promotion of the UK’s industry standard music and video charts and sales data. BPI also maintains the industry standard for certifying Gold, Silver and Platinum sales awards† (http://www.bpi.co.uk/about-bpi.aspx). There are three major record companies within the British Phonographic Industry which are: Warner Music UK, Sony Music Entertainment UK and Universal Music UK. Internal Rivalry Internal Rivalry refers to the jockeying for shares by firms within a market. It is fierce if competition drives prices towards costs. This is more likely when there are many firms, products are perceived to be homogeneous, consumers are motivated and able to shop around, prices may be set secretly, sales orders are large and received infrequently and the industry has excess capacity. The UK music business has been contested for by three big recording studios for years. There is severe rivalry amongst these recording studios; their market shares continued to be steady for years as new opposition hardly went into the market due to great entry barriers. The music industry is booming when associating online and offline sales collectively. The product distinction attainable in the music business is very low due to all types of music being approximately the same. The diversity could be attained through the setups of music delivered such as CD’s and online formats such as MP3’s. Downloading is now becoming more common than the constant visits to the music stores, the music business has unremittingly decreased the amount of stores and fixated on emerging an online approach. Through doing this they have been successful at reducing high fixed costs including store rentals and incomes of a high number of store employees which has assisted with their margins. In terms of competitive pressure, the music industry can be thought to be extremely competitive due to predictions of the music boom which started in the 1990s. Due to more talent coming out through shows such as X-factor, Britain’s Got Talent and the Voice in the UK, potential performers are now being presented in the music industry. Entry The threat of entrants is another force that determines the industry’s competitive pressure. If â€Å"new entrants move into an industry they will gain market share and rivalry will intensify† (http://www.tutor2u.net/business/strategy/porter_five_forces.htm). The position of existing firms is tougher if there are barriers to entering the market. If barriers to entering the industry are low then the threat of new entrants will be high and if the barriers to entry are high then the threat of new entrants will be low. Barriers to entry are very significant in determining the threat of new entrants. An industry can have more than one barrier. The following are well-known examples of effective barriers: Access to suppliers and distribution channels Product differentiation Economies of scale available to existing firms The selection of a gifted artist and turning them into a success involves skilled use of advertising, talent supervision and investment. Recognised music labels devote a lot to undertaking appearance improvement campaigns, and experiment with advertising before the artist’s work is free for the public to see. These particular parts require professional abilities and involve having money. Substitutes and Complements Substitutes wear down profits in the same way as competitors entering the market by stealing business and increasing internal rivalry. Complements boost the demand for the product in question; thereby improving profit chances for the industry. In the music business, the alternatives for music purchases or downloads can be recognised to be plagiarised music downloads online and Radio stations that play music 24 hours. Plagiarised music websites which offer music for free are the distinguishable alternatives for the music industry. The consumer having a choice of whether or not to buy music or to download it continues to be a fight in their mind. So the risk of this alternative is very high. Music such as those on Jango or Napster allows consumers to listen to songs an unrestricted number of times without the need to purchase them. While they don’t obtain the luxury of downloading music for free and listening to the songs on the move, it can still be seen as an alternative as it permits for the entertainment of consumers. When it comes to TV and Radio music stations, the necessities for setting up those services such as TV set boxes and regular subscriptions are fairly costly in comparison to the price of an album. But with other facilities such as the ability to record channels and the choice of other stations on offer, they may have chosen the better option when compared to a music album. Supplier Power If a firms suppliers â€Å"have bargaining power they will exercise that power, sell their products at a higher price and squeeze industry profits† (http://www.tutor2u.net/business/strategy/porter_five_forces.htm). If the supplier drives up the price paid for inputs, revenues will be condensed. Suppliers find themselves in an influential position when there are only a few suppliers, the resource they supply is scarce, there are no or few substitute resources, the product is easy to differentiate and faithful consumers are unwilling to switch. The bargaining powers of performers are high as it is believed that the voice and skill of each performer is distinctive and cannot be replaced. Buyer Power Buyer power is analogous to supplier power. â€Å"It refers to the ability of individual customers to negotiate purchase prices that extract profits from sellers† (Economics of strategy 6th edition, David Besanko). â€Å"Buyers have indirect power in competitive markets, and the price they pay will depend on the forces of supply and demand. The willingness of consumers to shop for the best price could instead be considered a source of internal rivalry, not indirect buyer power. When buyers are focused, or suppliers have made relationship-specific investments, buyers may exert direct power† (Economics of strategy 6th edition, David Besanko). Buyers then demand lower prices when suppliers are thriving and accepting higher prices when suppliers are struggling. The consumers for the UK music business can be either individual or corporate. Corporate consumers in the music business contain online and offline traders who buy albums in large quantities from the music label. Stores included could be HMV and Game and online music stores which include stores such as iTunes and AmazonMP3. The negotiating power of the corporate consumers can be assumed to be low due to prices being settled amongst them and the labels at the time of signing the contract. Advent of the Internet I will now analyse how the advent of the internet has affected the structure and performance of the music industry. The Internet is â€Å"a global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols† (http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Internet). The structural attractiveness of the UK music industry is determined by five underlying forces of competition. These include: The intensity of rivalry among existing competitors, the barriers to entry for new competitors, the threat of substitute products or service, the bargaining power of suppliers, and the bargaining power of the buyers. Below are points under each of the forces on how the internet influences the music industry which are taken from Michael. E Porter’s Competitive strategy free press, 1980. Rivalry among existing competitors The Internet has enlarged the amount of competitors in the music industry and decreased the significance of geographic boundaries. â€Å"There is increased rivalry because companies have a stake to succeed with use of the Internet. Rivalry increases when there is less differentiation between products. There is highly intense competition due to the Internet becoming an online platform for commercial use† (www.ukessays.com). Barriers to entry for new competitors The internet has decreased the fixed costs needed for a business to get to their end users. Most record labels find it easier to launch online ventures since they are positive about brand loyalty and trust. Threat of substitute products or services The internet has assisted in increasing the pressure from alternative products, as it may increase the diversity of products available to consumers. This can be done by customers being able to now purchase CD’s online or download songs for free. Bargaining power of the suppliers â€Å"The internet offers a channel for suppliers to reach end users, decreasing the power of intervening companies† (Michael. E Porter’s Competitive strategy free press, 1980). Procurement and digital markets tend to give companies equal access to suppliers and to standardised products that decrease variation. Buyers bargaining power of channels and end users â€Å"Moves bargaining power to end customers† (Michael. E Porter’s Competitive strategy free press, 1980). The customers have the bargaining power as they have the choice to either purchase CD’s from a store or download the songs for free online. From the analysis above, it is assumed that the UK music business is booming. The music industry is conquered by three big companies who have been around for a number of years and who operate great shares of the market. Applying Porters five forces framework is tremendously significant in industry analysis as it allows businesses to understand the overall attractiveness of the industry itself. However, one could say that the advent of the internet has affected the sales of CD’s. The need to purchase a CD with one song on it is no longer a necessity as you can just download the song from the internet. â€Å"Music piracy online is quite widespread, which affects artists and record labels profits. Anybody that has an internet connection can find illegal music downloads anywhere. Unsurprisingly the labels lose more money than the artists since the label keeps the majority of the money and the artist only sees a small percentage. It is now easier for artists to self-promote and se lf -release nowadays with all the opportunities for advertising and promoting online. Therefore, it could be said that the advent of the internet has decreased the music industry’s performance. References About The BPI. (n.d.). Retrieved March 20th, 2014, from The British Recorded Music Industry: http://www.bpi.co.uk/about-bpi.aspx Answers. (n.d.). Retrieved March 21st, 2014, from wiki.answers.com: wiki.answers.com David Besanko, D. D. (n.d.). Economics of Strategy. John Wiley. Illangakoon, S. (2010, November 5th). Porters Five Forces analysis for music industry. Retrieved March 17th, 2014, from Assignment help series: http://assignmenthelpseries9.blogspot.co.uk/ Internet. (n.d.). Retrieved March 21st, 2014, from Oxford Dictionaries Language Matters: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Internet Our Work. (n.d.). Retrieved March 20th, 2014, from British Phonographic Industry: http://www.bpi.co.uk/our-work.aspx Porter, M. (1980). Competitive Strategy. Riley, J. (2012, September 23rd). Overview of the five forces model. Retrieved March 18th, 2014, from tutor2u: http://www.tutor2u.net/business/strategy/porter_five_forces.htm The UK expert provider of custom essays. (n.d.). Retrieved March 15th, 2014, from ukessays.com: http://www.ukessays.com/essays/information-technology/the-internet-on-the-macro-environment-information-technology-essay.php Business Organisation And Environment: Mcdonalds Business Organisation And Environment: Mcdonalds There are 2 types of business environment, namely internal environment and external environment. Internal environment is also known as controllable environment. The internal environment of McDonalds includes the following: Aim The aim of McDonalds is to be the best fast service restaurant experience. Marketing The marketing of McDonalds is very large. McDonalds was one of the eight corporate sponsors of Millennium Dome Experience. It invested  £8 million in the Domes community programme and learning experience. Besides that, McDonalds is also a major sponsor of the World Cup since 1994 and the Champions League from 1996 to 2000. McDonalds also sponsors British athletics since 1993 and formed the McDonalds Young Athletes League to train 11 to 17 years old teenagers. Moreover, McDonalds sponsors Child Safety Week since 1994. Management McDonalds also has a good management for their business. Such as, they have high recruitment standards. They care about the skills, talents and performance of their staffs. They also consider gender, marital status, disability, race and nationality when recruiting. McDonalds also provides a safe and secure working environment. All staffs will have opportunities for training and development. Moreover, McDonalds provides education of staff matters for their staffs. They have a good communication with their staffs. The pay of the staffs at McDonalds reflects their working performance. Besides that, over 40% of McDonalds managers started as hourly-paid staff members in the restaurant. McDonalds motivates their staffs by giving them free meals. They will also have paid holidays. The staffs will get free life assurance and the value is dependent upon their service. Those employees that are 19 years old or older with 3 years service with get private health care from McDonalds. Besides that, McDonalds has a sponsorship programme for their staffs. The employees of McDonalds will also get an employee discount card. There are also service awards for those employees with 3, 5,10,15,20 and 25 years of service. All employees will also get a stakeholder pension from McDonalds. Production McDonalds has their production of foods. There are five main ingredients for food, like beef, chicken, bread, potatoes and milk. The Big Mac is one the basic food offered by McDonalds. Moreover, McChicken is also known as chicken sandwich and McNuggets is also known as chicken nuggets which are products of McDonalds. McDonalds also serves desserts such as the McFlurry ice-cream. Moving on, the following shows the external environment (uncontrollable environment) of McDonalds: Political McDonalds is highly influenced by the policies set by the government of the various countries it operates in. For example, in the country of India, the local religious law restricts its residents from eating beef, thus it is considered an insult to have beef in the local McDonalds menu. In order to obtain the license to open a fast food restaurant, McDonalds has to obey the business regulations implemented by the local government. To succeed in the foreign market, McDonalds has to act according to the markets rules and regulations, and create a good relationship with the government by obeying the markets tax obligations and any environmental laws. Economic The markets economy has an impact on the branches and franchises of McDonalds. A weak economy would influence the customers buying power which would in turn affect the general sales of McDonalds. McDonalds imports most of its material as the local market cannot provide materials in abundance to meet the demands of the market. Inflation or changes in the exchange rate of the market would affect the operations of the company. A rise in the exchange rate of currencies would increase the cost of purchasing. Socio-Cultural Every country has a unique culture. McDonalds has to create a menu that is suitable to the local taste and culture. For example, the Hindu residents of India do not take beef, Muslim countries do not take pork and only consume halal food, Asian countries like to eat rice, Chinese likes to associate their meals with good fortune such as prosperity, and Americans eat big-sized meals. Additionally, the development of technology creates the need for better services and convenience for customers. For instance, McDonalds should provide wireless internet services and allow credit card payments at their stores. Technological McDonalds uses technological means for a variety of things. For example, television advertisements are used for marketing. Customers can order by phone for a delivery to be made. Besides that, in Singapore, McDonalds accepts EZ-link card payments as a means of convenience for customers. Moreover, the advancement in internet technologies allows McDonalds to implement web-based ordering and online payment. Legal McDonalds has to follow many regulations in order to be legally allowed to operate its business, for example, business registration, tax requirements, and employment laws. Besides that, McDonalds also has to acquire a halal certification in order to get Muslim customers. Environment As McDonalds serves millions of customers per day, it needs a large supply of materials. The large amount of animals slaughtered to create a supply for McDonalds is frequently criticised by world environmentalists. In addition, forests have been lost due to large scale plantation. Before using paper packaging, McDonalds used Styrofoam based packaging for its products, which is hard to recycle. Organisation structure McDonalds is a fast food franchising company and its success comes from its various franchisees all over the world. About 70% of McDonalds worldwide restaurants are run by independent businessmen and businesswomen. A franchise is a business licensed to use the name, logo and expertise of an existing, well-known business (123helpme.com n.d.). McDonalds provides licenses to the markets local operators to start a McDonalds restaurant. McDonalds may take away the license if the franchisee fails to meet the franchise agreement or requirement. All of McDonalds restaurants have a flat structure. A manager controls all the employees and makes all the decisions. This allows the staffs to only carry out their simple routine works such as selling and serving customers. On the other hand, the McDonalds corporation has a tall and complex structure. The corporation is highly formalized, has a limited information network, is centralised and has extensive departmentalisation. The departmentalisation of McDonalds is structured along functional lines. The various departments in McDonalds are operations, development, finance, marketing, and human resource. Operations The operations department of McDonalds controls the equipment and franchising of restaurants. They ensure that the franchisees are following the agreements set by the McDonalds corporation. They provide support for the franchisees in all aspects of the business. All in all, they make certain that the business of McDonalds runs smoothly. Development The development department plans and manufactures products. They ensure that the products made are up to the qualities set by the corporation. Besides that, they also develop new products for McDonalds. Finance The finance department keeps record of the profits of the company. They keep account on all the transactions done by the company. They also pay the salaries of the employees. They keep track of how the business is doing. Marketing The main role of the marketing department is to attract new customers. They organise advertisements and promotions. Moreover, they cooperate with the development department to ensure that the design, quality and price of a product are what the consumer wants. Human Resource The human resource department recruits and appoints all new staffs. They handle the affairs of all employees which include retirement, dismissal and etc. They employ quality staffs and motivate them to do their best. Culture in Society Cultures in societies are affecting the organization. An organization will change its way or structure to adapt to the culture in the society. It might also change the communication style with its customers in order to stay in business. In other words, McDonalds must understand that they must make their organization structure compatible with the various cultures in societies. Otherwise, the amount of customers will reduce when the organization does not adapt to the markets culture, or goes against it. When there are less customers, McDonalds will not have enough income and motivation to continue running their business. Culture of Religion Halal is a term designating any object or an action which is permissible to use or engage in, according to Islamic law.'(wikipedia) When someone wants to operate a McDonalds restaurant, they have to consider about religion issues such as Halal in certain countries, for example Islamic countries like Malaysia, Pakistan, Iran, Sri Langka and so on. McDonalds have to comply with the regulations given by the government and the culture of the residents. Therefore in these Islamic countries, McDonalds have to provide Halal food due to the large population of Muslim and Arab people to run the business successfully. However, Halal issues are not only applicable in Islamic countries, there is also an exceptionally large number of Muslims and Arabs in non-Muslim countries like in Dearborn (Michigan, United States). McDonalds have introduced Halal chicken nuggets there. Culture of Food Different countries might have different food cultures. It will affect the food menu of McDonalds as well. In order to expand the business, or to increase the income, McDonalds has to do research on the food culture of the markets residents. Only foods that adhere to their food culture are able to attract more local customers. For example, at German, McDonalds serves beer. In India, there is no Big Mac because Indians do not consume beef. However, they do have a Maharaja Mac which contains lamb or chicken meat instead of beef. They also provide a vegetarian burger named McAloo Tikki, since a certain amount of Indians are vegetarians. Besides that, for rice-loving Chinese in countries like Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore, McDonalds introduced rice burger. In other words, McDonalds will modify their menu according to the food culture of the local customers so that they would be able to earn more customers as well as income. Culture of Social Women are also affecting the income of McDonalds. As there are more and more women that work nowadays, most of them will have less time to spend in the kitchen to cook for their family. The job of preparing a meal will fall onto their parents or even their husband, but they often choose to eat fast food. Therefore, McDonalds has become one of the places for these families to have their meal. This has directly increased the income of McDonalds. There are many more cultures in societies that affect McDonalds, it must clearly know the change of the culture in order to keep its business updated. If there are no customers due to the structure of the organization which is against the customers culture, McDonalds will not have the motivation to run its business in that market. The reason McDonalds run successfully is because it able to adapt with the local culture of the market. It also structures its internal environment well and has a good reaction to the external environments.

R.L Stevenson shows many opposites in the strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Essay

In the book Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde the two main characters are complete opposites. Dr Jekyll is a kind person however when he changes into Mr Hyde his attitude changes into a nasty, evil person. R.L Stevenson carries on the ‘opposites’ through the book keeping the readers guessing. The two doors to Jekyll’s house seem to be complete opposites. One is shabby and in a dark corner of a building which is described as a ‘sinister block’. By saying ‘it showed no window’ suggests that its dark and secrecy; maybe they have something to hide. The wall is described as discoloured and suffering negligence – lack of care and maintenance making it sound unattractive. On the door, the fact that there is no knocker or bell gives an unwelcoming feel and being described as blistered and distained would also make it appear uninviting. However the street, which the door lies on, is a contrast to what has just been described. The buildings in the street are described as ‘freshly painted shutters and well polished brasses’ making the whole street sound like it has an air of general cleanliness. In the First chapter, also ‘The Story of the door’ there is another opposite. This is between Mr Hyde and the young girl. It says ‘one little man .. stumping along at a good walk’ and ‘a girl of maybe eight or ten .. running as hard as she was able’ this is opposing because there are two different genders, ages and paces. In the chapter ‘Dr. Jekyll was quite at ease’ R.L Stevenson describes another opposite with Mr Utterson and the other people that had been to Dr Jekyll’s dinner. ‘In the man’s rich silence, after the expense and the strain of gaiety.’ This tells us that Mr Utterson is happy to be quiet, as the other guests that have left were quite loud and talked to him a lot. Also in this chapter and the following chapter, another opposite is the reaction and personality of Dr Jekyll. Speaking with Utterson, Dr Jekyll is put across as ‘every mark of capacity and kindness’, which makes him warm and loving, then in the incident of the letter he is rather shifty and reacts differently to Utterson that he did before. In the ‘Search for Mr Hyde’ there are two different characters in contrast, Dr Lanyon and Mr Utterson. For example it says ‘received his crowding patients’ referring to Dr Lanyon. This puts across to the reader that Dr Lanyon is a very open, friendly person, where as, as we can tell from the ‘Dr Jekyll was quite at ease’ chapter Mr Utterson is different, he is much quieter and would prefer to be on his own. Another opposite that R.L Stevenson puts in the book is in the chapter ‘The Carew murder case’. At the beginning of the chapter the setting is peaceful. ‘The details were few and startling’ this portrays that it was a very still, open night with only beautiful features. It describes a maid looking out of her window into the pretty night. Her views on the night we’re very optimistic and loving. ‘ She was romantically given’ by saying this it puts across to the reader that the night is quiet which would make it easy to think and by saying ‘romantically given’ puts across that she has romantic view on life. The scene then changes drastically. Before the night was calm but all of a sudden it transforms, much like the transformation of Dr Jekyll to Mr Hyde. The night turns dark when Mr Hyde enters the scene. It was like a presence of evil had come into the lane. ‘The horror of these sights and sounds’ this describes what the maid saw Mr Hyde doing to the old man. R.L Stevenson shows many opposites in the strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. These help to keep the reader thinking and to surprise the reader.

The Four Planes of Development

â€Å"Development is a series of re-births. There comes a time when one psychic personality ends and another begins†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å"Our work as adults does not consist teaching, but in helping the infant mind in its work of development† (Dr Montessori, The Absorbent Mind, Chap 3) What did Dr Montessori mean by the four planes of development? Describe each plane of development. Explain how we use this knowledge about the child in the Montessori classroom, with the main focus at the age group of 0-6 years. THE FOUR PLANES OF DEVELOPMENTThe life of the child that will become tomorrow’s adult is basically divided into four planes or stages. Each plane consists of a period of six years. Within these stages the development of the child is quite intense at the beginning, then it consolidates and finally trickles into the next. The first & third planes of development are periods of intense creation, whereas the second & fourth planes of development are the ca lm periods of consolidation. First plane of development (0-6years) â€Å"Development is a series of re-births.There comes a time when one psychic personality ends and another begins. The first of these periods goes from birth to six years of age and the child’s mentality basically remains the same. It includes two sub-phases, from birth to three years and three to six years. In the first of these, the child has a type of mind that adults cannot exert upon to influence. In the second sub-phase (3-6years), they are still mentally the same but the child becomes susceptible to adult influence and their personality undergoes great changes. † (The Absorbent Mind, chapter 3, Pg 17).The first plane of development (0 – 6 years) is a period of intense creation. This period is of very great fundamental importance for the formation of the child or the foundation of the personality of the child. This is the period of transformation. This plane of development is further divid ed in to two sub phases, (0 – 3) and (3 – 6) years. The first sub plane is known as ‘The unconscious absorbent mind’. The infant during this period is also identified as a ‘spiritual embryo’ as the infant has within himself the potentialities which determine his future development.The child can learn subconsciously, and effortlessly, through observations and explorations. The child is a sensorial explorer at this stage, that is, the child basically learns through his senses. During the absorbent mind stage, the sensitive periods are at their strongest and help the child’s learning process as well as the child’s initial adaptation. During this first plane of development various physical abilities develop in the young child. Physically the body develops from head to toe. Between the age of zero to three years, these abilities develop separately and independently of each other.Hand and leg movements are not guided by the mind. At th is stage, the child needs to create himself. It is a period of rapid development for the child and the child develops physically, mentally, socially as well as emotionally. As his physical body becomes more defined, he learns both consciously and unconsciously as his mind easily absorbs his environment. He becomes more sensitive to things adult take for granted and learning for him is easy and fast. At this stage, he also learns to care for himself, dress himself, feed himself etc.

Rational Choice Theory Criminology - 1151 Words

In Criminology, Prof. Boldt has either talked about or brought up a few dozen theories in just a few weeks. However one theory seems to show up more than the others, and is the more dominant explanation in describing criminal behavior. This concept is referred to as Rational Choice Theory. Over time theories have been produced to explain and help understand what leads to criminal behavior. The reason why people have studied these theories so closely is because of the helpful nature it provides to professionals. It allows them to make informed decisions on treatment methods for offenders or victims. This also helps the professionals enforce policy change if need be. I believe in order to start understanding what leads to criminal behavior,†¦show more content†¦All of these other aspects have tons of sub theories of their own, but Rational Choice Theory says that these were not part of the determining factors in the act; that the individual was compelled to do so based upon th eir cognitive perspective on the situation. The thought process is that the criminal made a choice after rationally weighing the costs. They considered other circumstances such as the benefits of not committing the crime, or how it may have an impact on their safety. In the end they ultimately determined that the bounty was greater in some way than the benefit that would have came from not committing the crime. Part of a deterrence may be when the punishment is way greater than the bounty. An example of someone who commits crime without using rational choice is encouraged by his or her environment to carry on. These could be external environmental influences or internal psychological influences. It may be difficult one to understand how these individuals responded to their circumstances without actually being in the situation themself. Another example of criminal behavior separate from rational choice is that it may evolve from abusive experiences or unfair treatment. The people affected may have had traumatic experiences that lead to developing criminal behavior down the road to release those emotions or rage(Regis University, 2017). To use a world example would be white collar crime. These are crimes that aren tShow MoreRelatedThe Rational Choice Theory Of Criminology1106 Words   |  5 Pages The Rational Choice Theory April Smolkowicz Criminology 3200 Georgia Gwinnett College  The Classical School of Criminology was developed by two utilitarian philosophers, Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham during the early 17th century. 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In the rational choice theory, individualsRead MoreThe Rational Choice Theory1728 Words   |  7 PagesLa’Shante Samuels Kaplan University, CJ102 Criminology Unit Five Midterm Project The Rational Choice theory approach has been used by social and political scientists to put some type of meaning of why humans behave in a certain way. In recent years, rational choice theory has been widely used in other disciplines such as sociology, political science, and anthropology. It has gained influence in politics and sociology over the past thirty years. This choice theory stressed the role of knowledgeable selfRead MoreGeneral Theory Of Crime And Delinquency919 Words   |  4 PagesGeneral Theory of Crime and Delinquency Many theories exist including biological, psychological, and sociological theories that have been proposed by many criminologists in the criminal justice field and have been closely studied by people (Agnew, Cullen, Wilcox, 2004). 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