Pony Express, Mail Service Operating Between Saint Joseph, Missouri, A

Horse Express, mail administration working between Saint Joseph, Missouri, and Sacramento, California, introduced on April 3, 1860, under the bearing of the Central Overland California and Pike's Peak Express Company. Around then, normal mail conveyance took as long as three weeks to cross the landmass. The Pony Express conveyed mail quickly overland riding a horse the about 2000 miles between St. Joseph and Sacramento; the timetable permitted ten days for the outing. The mail was then conveyed by vessel to San Francisco. Stations averaging from the start 40 km (25 mi) separated were built up, and every rider was required to cover 120 km (75 mi) a day. Horse Express riders were normally lightweight youngsters, regularly adolescents. Extraordinary seat sacks that could be moved to a new pony rapidly at a change station were utilized. Wild ox Bill was a popular Pony Express rider. In the end, the Pony Express had in excess of 100 stations, 80 riders, and somewhere in the range of 400 and 500 ponies. The express course was incredibly unsafe, yet just one mail conveyance was ever lost. The Pony Express is attributed with assisting with keeping California in the Union by giving quick correspondence between the two coasts. Updates on the appointment of Abraham Lincoln to the United States administration in 1860 and of the episode of the American Civil War in 1861 arrived at California by means of the Pony Express. The ordinary Pony Express help was ended in October 1861, after the Pacific Telegraph Company finished its line to San Francisco. The Pony Express was created by William H. Russell, William B. Waddell, and Alexander Majors. Monetarily, the Pony Express was a disappointment, driving its organizers to chapter 11. In any case, the dramatization encompassing the Pony Express made it a piece of the legend of the American West. List of sources Horse Express, Microsoft? Encarta? Online Encyclopedia 2000 http://encarta.msn.com ? 1997-2000

Haymarket Riot

As aftereffect of the Industrial Revolution, individuals in America earned more cash, a large portion of which they used to start new organizations and processing plants. There were presently a wide range of sorts of machines to accomplish the work that individuals needed to destroy themselves the past. In this manner, machines quickly supplanted individuals. Presently with less individuals working and getting paid, there were individuals that could bear the cost of what these manufacturing plants were making. The vast majority of the individuals working in the United States as of now were settlers, so they had to work for exceptionally low wages. A working grown-up would be viewed as fortunate to bring home a day by day pay of just $2. 00. Children then again, just made around 70 pennies per day for spending their whole youth figuring out coal or performing different arduous occupations. The vast majority worked somewhere in the range of ten and fourteen hours every day with peanuts for money. As result, Chicago Illinois, just as numerous different urban areas in the United States, fell into neediness. Nonetheless, not all representatives right now were brutal and blackhearted. Most at the time however simply needed to take advantage of their representatives for minimal measure of pay. Before long the Labor Union development began. Individuals in this association needed to boycott youngster work, increment pay, and to make shorter workdays. A great many clashes broke out generating from the Labor Union; a significant number of which the police were gotten to settle. By 1886, the significant worry of the Labor Union was to build up an eight-hour workday. At this point there were a few associations, all of which couldn't concur with each other on the most proficient method to battle for this legitimately merited interest. At long last, the Knights of Labor, who started in Chicago, sorted out an across the country strike. In any case, the papers, business pioneers, and lawmakers didn t concur with these activities. They stated, the new eight-hour workday would advance loafing, betting, revolting, lewdness and inebriation (Simon). Realizing that they would be terminated, laborers despite everything went to bat for what they trusted in and finished the strike. On May1, 1886, the strike gazed. In excess of 300,000 specialists took to the streets in nine distinct urban areas over the huge country. One of these urban communities was Boston. Be that as it may, just a couple of managers across the nation conceded their representatives the shorter workday. As result, the following two months were loaded up with the police, the strikers, and the scabs. Scabs were individuals who would not take to the streets with the remainder of their colleagues. They procured this name from the irate strikers. On May 3, 1886, in excess of 500 strikers got together with certain scabs as they were leaving a plant in Chicago. The upset crowd shot the scabs with sticks, rocks, and pretty much anything they could conceivable get their hands on. This proceeded until police showed up and in the end separated the battle. August Spies at that point continued to sort out a dissent meeting in Haymarket Square. The strikers were advised to be outfitted on the off chance that the police turned to savagery on them. The next day when Spies went to the gathering he talked before around 1,200 individuals. Albert Parsons, alongside Spies and different speakers, talked about the McCormick revolt, and the rights and the obligations of the American specialist. At that point as it came down, individuals gradually started to leave and head home. One of the numerous to leave was the chairman of the city, Charter H. Harrison. In transit home he visited the police headquarters to tell the officials ready and waiting that they could return home in light of the fact that the dissent was quiet. Around ten minutes after the fact, two covert operators went to the police headquarters and said that there were some hostile things being said at the dissent, and that the officials ought to go split it up. At the point when the police showed up at Haymarket Square, a few words just as activities were shared between the strikers and the police. After a short time, a bomb was secretly tossed into the horde of police. This was the first run through a bomb like this was utilized in the United States. Rapidly reacting to the bomb, the cops started to fire into the horde of strikers and crap hit the fan. As consequence of the bomb, one cop was executed right away, and six others passed on inside the following fourteen days in light of genuine injuries. The next day the papers were stacked with title texts which blamed Spies, Parsons, and Fielden of discharging this dangerous bomb into the group. A few papers even said that the Haymarket mob, rebels, and communists were the explanation behind different unsettling influences around the nation. They said that disciplines ought to be managed to Spies, Parsons and Fielden, in light of the fact that individuals of the United States were blaming them for homicide. In any case, one paper revealed that if the police hadn t struck the dissent, there wouldn t have been a bomb tossed, in light of the fact that there wouldn t have been anything to start the contention. Another paper, the Labor Enquirer, wrote in one of it s articles, twice the same number of genuine men were killed in coal mineshafts as have been murdered in Chicago, and there isn t any clamor whatsoever about it (americanhistory. com). Still different papers composed that is working and day to day environments were better, at that point none of this likely would have occurred. Commander Michael J. Shaak was so shocked by the Haymarket revolt that he captured several individuals who went to the dissent that day, or even the individuals who were associated with being there. While making every one of these captures, the commander found mystery social orders and bombs, on numerous different intrigues. Without warrants, he proceeded with his examination by breaking into houses. At that point he continued to beat and pay off individuals into saying that they were observers to what went on in the Haymarket Square. Be that as it may, out of every one of these several individuals who were captured, just eight individuals were brought to a real preliminary. These eight individuals were August Spies, Albert Parsons, Samuel Fielden, Adolph Fisher, Michael Schwabb, Louis Lingg, Oscar Neebee, and George Engel. Awfully enough, just three out of these eight men were really at Haymarket square when the uproar broke out. On June 21, 1886, the preliminary for these eight men started. The respondents were supposed to be the longshots in light of the fact that the jury was hand-picked by Judge Joseph E. Gary, who urgently needed these men to be sentenced for homicide. Numerous individuals considered the litigants blameworthy, and these individuals needed the men to confront a similar discipline as the individuals who lost their lives in the mob. As it were, they were needed dead. Under the steady gaze of the preliminary began, Judge Joseph E. Gary was cited saying, those colleagues will be hanged as sure as death (Encarta 99). The primary assault by the barrier during the preliminary was that the jury was preference. Be that as it may, the appointed authority just overruled every one of these endeavors made by the resistance, and the out of line preliminary continued. During the preliminary, the state s lawyer was permitted to ask anything he desired to. Likewise, the protection was not permitted to question the observers, who were for the most part police officers or bogus observers, so as to convict the men of the wrongdoing. As the preliminary continued, the police repedily indicated bombs and alluded to the men as revolutionaries. Despite the fact that there was no proof to demonstrate that the respondents knew anything about the bomb or who tossed it, they were in the end indicted for homicide. On the morning of August 20, the jury entered the court with their decision. Seven out of the eight men being investigated were condemned to death. Oscar Neebee was the one in particular who was condemned to prison time. He got an astounding fifteen years in prison for a wrongdoing he didn't submit. In any case, he was the just one out of the eight men who was permitted to live. A few papers announced that these men were being investigated simply because of their political perspectives. Be that as it may, a great many people couldn't have cared less to concur with these announcements and discussion keeps on blending. At the point when the decision was reported that loathsome morning, individuals outside the court lit up with fervor and delight. Some were glad to such an extent that they were happy to grant the jury with a money reward only for sentencing the respondents. The main individuals that were dismal over the decision were the groups of the safeguard, the attorneys, and obviously the respondents themselves. The press at that point proceeded to state that the main terrible thing about the entire preliminary was that the respondents couldn't request seeing as how they were condemned to death. Request to the decision was actually what the litigants attorneys did. On March 13, 1887, six adjudicators from the Illinois Supreme Court met in Ottawa to tune in to the intrigue. At the point when the appointed authorities were finished looking into the case they conceded that it was an unreasonable preliminary. Be that as it may, they neglected to take care of business. The resistance lawyer, Mr. Dark, at that point went after for an intrigue at U. S. court central command, however they would not take a gander at the case. At long last the resistance went to their final hotel, the legislative head of Illinois, to request an acquittal. It was extraordinary planning by the guard on the grounds that the open was starting to feel frustrated about the seven destined men. A few people kept in touch with the senator expressing that the main thing these men were blameworthy of was their assessment. At long last the representative chose to hold a meeting for these men. That day was loaded up with a great deal of advances and contentions. On November 11, 1887, the representative declared that there would be no exoneration. In any case, presently just four out of the eight men would be executed. It would have been five yet Louis Lingg was discovered before that morning with a large portion of his head passed over. It was managed a self destruction. Michael Shwab and Samuel Fielden got their capital punishments diminished to life in jail. So now Parsons, Spies, Fisher, and Engel would be executed. Incredibly they acknowledged this sentence with no shock or opposition. That equivalent day, the four residual men strolled to their deathsite. As they were being set up to be hanged, Spies howled out his final words which were, There will come when our quiet will be more impressive than the voices you choke today! Following Parsons let out his last words, Will I be permitted to represent men o

Camp Kesem!

Camp Kesem! Exactly three weeks from today, Ill be done with my freshman year of college. SCARY. Two midterms, two short stories, four final exams (ahhh, finals), and several doses of caffeine lie between me and that fateful day, when I shelve my textbooks and notes and give it up for three wonderful summer-y months. I have a few things lined up for the summer, and one that Im extremely excited about is Camp Kesem or Camp Magic :) This might sound familiar to those of you who have been reading the blogs for a long, long while; Melis 08 wrote about it a few years ago, when the MIT branch of Camp Kesem was initially founded. Essentially, Camp Kesem is a free week-long summer camp for kids of cancer patients; more importantly, its a chance for these youngsters to forget about difficult times at home for just a little while and to immerse themselves in pure camp fun. Im lucky enough to be one of the CK 2010 counselors :) Weve already been working really hard to make this years camp a great success. Our hope is to send 60 kids to Camp Kesem this summer, some of whom will be teens! This is the first time that CK-MIT has a teen program its going to be awesomeee. Since camp is free of cost, the other counselors and I have dedicated quite a bit of time and effort towards fundraising. Our fundraising goal is $55,000, and each counselor is responsible for raising at least $400. In general, Im not that great at fundraising because Im really awkward about asking people for money. But somehow, Ive managed to raise about $200 so far; I think theres something about the general premise of Camp Kesem that people (myself included) find immensely appealing: kids helping kids. I love the way that sounds. Our fundraising ideas tend to be pretty creative. One that I find particularly hilarious is Stuff My Cups, which may be more effectively described with a picture: The guys shamelessly donned certain *ahem* female attire (never before worn, just fyi) during CPW, the Boston Marathon, and a few other events; aside from eliciting a general sense of amusement, they also proceeded to raise thousands. I admit that this tactic is slightly crude, but each and every cent we raised went towards Camp Kesem. And people truly appreciated our eccentricity in light of the cause we were supporting. Throughout this semester, weve had counselor training sessions, and though they take up a good six hours during the weekend, I enjoy them immensely. We play games, make skits, sing songs (in an obnoxiously loud and delightful manner), and practice skills well need at camp. I admire each and every one of my fellow counselors, some of whom have struggled with cancer in their own families. Together, the forty or so of us manage to laugh at everything; theres such a huge sense of belonging: if I ever need anything, I definitely have an entire group of people willing to help me out. I know that you seniors only have a few days to commit to a college, but if you choose MIT (and you should =P), do consider being a part of Camp Kesem! If youd like to know more about CK-MIT, take a look at these links: CK-MIT Website MIT Spectrum article on founder (and Rhodes Scholar! WOOT!) Caroline Huang Interview with Caroline Huang Ill keep you updated on how Camp Kesem goes :)

Wilfred Life Of Wilfred Owen - 914 Words

Wilfred Owen Poetry Wilfred Edward Salter Owen was an English poet and soldier, whose renowned compositions were distinguished in their delivery of a tenacious condemnation of the First World War. Born, 18 March 1893 in Oswestry, Shropshire, Owen commenced his poetic endeavours through his adolescence, and after having completed his schooling, soon became a teaching assistant and aspired for vocational pursuits. However, these were soon disparaged with the eminence of the Fist World War, and in 1915, he eventually returned to England, where he enlisted in the Artists Rifles Officers Training Corps. On January 1917, Wilfred Owen left for the Western Front, where his imaginative existence was drastically changed after involvement within numerous traumatic experiences. Soon afterwards, Owen was diagnosed as suffering from neurasthenia, and he was subsequently evacuated to England and arrived at Craiglockhart War Hospital, where he became acquainted with the poet Siegfried Sassoon, who shared many of his views and revolutionised Owen’s style and conception of poetry. He returned to France in August 1918 and in October was awarded the Military Cross for bravery, yet, shortly after; on 4 November 1918 Wilfred Owen was killed upon crossing the Sambre–Oise Canal. Wilfred Owen’s most renowned compositions include: Anthem for Doomed Youth, Dulce et Decorum est and Futility, each of which transgress barriers in delivering a harrowing condemnation of War. Throughout Anthem for aShow MoreRelatedWilfred Owen s Life And Work1207 Words   |  5 PagesWilfred Owen born in Oswestry, raised in Birkenhead and Shrewsbury. In 1913 Owen broke from the Roam Catholic Church and went to teach English in France. Owen always had the determination to become a poet. While teaching in France, he worked on the rhyming patterns which became the prominent characteristics of his poetry. In 1915 Owen enlisted in the British Army. His first experiences in January-May 1917 of active service was as an officer at the Battle of the Somme. Battle of Somme, led to hisRead MoreNature in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Birth-Mark and Wilfred Owens Disabled1428 Words   |  6 PagesFreedom is an entity that people desire to have in life. Nathaniel Hawthorne in The Birth-Mark and Wilfred Owens in Disabled both have similar plots about two peoples concern for nature. Nathaniel Hawthorne The Birth-Mark focuses on the importance of nature. In the story â€Å"The Birth-Mark,â €  nature is said to be the most compelling thing man has made. The main character Aylmer, a scientist, is obsessed with perfection and nature. Aylmer is trying to live a life of fantasy because of his desire for perfectionRead MoreThe Soldier By Rupert Brooke And Anthem For Doomed Youth By Wilfred Owen1367 Words   |  6 Pages‘The Soldier’ by Rupert Brooke and ‘Anthem for Doomed Youth’ by Wilfred Owen are two World War One era sonnets, both making a comment on what it means to die in war. The two poets show very different views on war, as both had very different experiences in war. Rupert Brooke died before he made it to war, his poem highlights the soldier as a hero and glorifies dying in war, in contrast Wilfred Owen shows a grittier side to death in war, as he experienced war first hand and his poem is real and brutalRead MoreThe Most Enduring Phenomena Spawned The Great War Created A Literal Response1564 Words   |  7 PagesTraining Corps. As ho nourable soldiers we’re aware that as time passes, our imaginative existence has changed dramatically by a number of traumatic experiences. We, are ALL Wilfred Owen. One of the most enduring phenomena spawned The Great War created a literal response which evoked from its immediate participants, the soldiers. Owen writes with intense focus on war as an extraordinary human experience. The poems also document other experiences, such as human cruelty and suffering which are carefullyRead MoreAnger and Injustice Described in Wilfred Owens Poem Dulce et Decorum est1033 Words   |  5 PagesDecorum est was written by Wilfred Owen during World War One, and is probably the most popular war-poem ever written.The title is part of the Latin phrase Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori which means It is sweet and right to die for your country. Wilfred Owen saw the war first-hand and this poem is about a gas attack that he witnessed. Throughout this poem Owen gives the sense of anger and i njustice through the use of many different poetic techniques. Wilfred Owen emphasises the conditionRead More To compare the ways in which these poems display the horrors of war.1616 Words   |  7 Pagespoems, The Soldier, by Rupert Brooke, Dulce et Decorum Est, and Anthem for Doomed Youth, both written by Wilfred Owen. Compare how these poems show the horrors of World War 1. To compare the ways in which these poems display the horrors of war. I have selected three poems, The Soldier, by Rupert Brooke, Dulce et Decorum Est, and Anthem for Doomed Youth, both written by Wilfred Owen. I chose Anthem for Doomed Youth and Dulce et Decorum Est because they are very similar and show theRead MoreCompare and Contrast Dulce Et Decorum Est and Charge of the Light Brigade1442 Words   |  6 Pagesthese two poems convey? We have been studying the war poems Dulce Et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen and Charge Of The Light Brigade by Alfred Lord Tennyson. Dulce Et Decorum Est was written during the First World War from 1914 to 1918 whilst Charge Of The Light Brigade was composed in the 19th century, and describes a battle that took place during the Crimean War. Both poems give a different impression of war. Wilfred Owen writes about the pity of war and his responsibility to warn other generations ofRead MoreComparing Dulce ET Decorum EST and the Charge of the Light Brigade759 Words   |  4 Pagesglory of war, despite the fact that, the English parliament had the wrong judgment this is why six hundred soldiers died. Wilfred Owen ´s poem, on the other hand, tells everybody what has really happened, we are more likely to believe what Wilfred Owen is saying because he was the one who was in the battlefield were as Tennyson wasnt . Wilfred Owen presents the horror of the senseless deaths in the trenches and shows us how the famous line from a poet, it is sweet andRead MoreAnalysis Of Wilfred Owen s `` Dulce Et Decorum Est ``1256 Words   |  6 PagesWilfred Owen is remembered as one of the greatest poets to capture the war in words. His work was described as â€Å"the finest written by any English poet of the first War and probably the greatest poems about war in our literature† (Lewis 11) despite him only having had 4 poems published in his lifetime, though he did write many more. His poems truly did capture the terror and harsh truth of the hardships the soldiers faced in the trenches everyday during World War I, evident in â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est†Read MoreIs Vitai Lampada Similar to Dulce Et Decorum Est1634 Words   |  7 Pageswar but they are wrote in completely different ways. Firstly, Wilfred Owen wrote a poem named Dulce et Decorum. Wilfred Owen was born in 1893 in Owestry, Shropshire and he died in 1918. Dulce et Decorum was written in 1917. Wilfred Owen enlisted for the war i n 1915 and trained in England until the end of 1916. In 1917 he was posted to France to fight where he was often in the trenches. Wilfred Owen suffered shell shock and was sent to Craig Lockhart hospital near Edinburgh. This

The Impact Of Pre Colonised Australian And Its Indigenous...

This essay will describe what the Gammage Thesis is and how it impacts on the perception of pre-colonised Australian and its indigenous populations. The Gammage thesis is the theory that Australia in its entirety had been managed and shaped by the Aboriginal communities, tending to it as one might a private park. William Gammage, author of the book â€Å"The Biggest Estate on EARTH: How Aboriginals Made Australia† describes in great detail Australia’s environment before and after the British colonisation and the destruction of the native populations, as well as giving huge amounts of evidence supporting his theory. William (Bill) Gammage is a professor at the Australian National University; studying and teaching Aboriginal Land Managements in 1788. He is author to a number of books about Australian warfare and Aboriginal history and is the originator of the Gammage Thesis. Gammage believes, and gives well-documented evidence, that the Australia discovered by the first colonisers was not its natural state, but the accumulation of thousands of years shaping by the Indigenous people using the fire-stick methods to suit their needs (3). In order to understand his reasoning, one must first understand that what the ‘fire-stick method’ actually is. The act of burning the land at specific times interrupts the reproductive rates of slow growing species and allows greater diversity, as well as allowing younger, more desired plants to take root (2). The production of fresher plants causeShow MoreRelatedAustralia s Indigenous People Of The World s Most Ancient Living Cultures1737 Words   |  7 PagesPeople who are not from Australia, may have never heard the word Indigenous or know the meaning behind it. If they have heard the word they might not know about Australia’s Indigenous people. Maybe when they think of Australia they automatically think of British convicts. Only the British convicts weren’t the first people to own the land in Australia, there come people way before them and they are still fighting for their rights and land today. It is said that humans have been on this continentRead MoreIntroduction Globalisation is evident in our everyday living, and is inescapable; as it portrays2600 Words   |  11 Pagesresult in a sense of detachment and loss of place and culture. The process of globalisation, however is now being reconstructed in a means to advocate and create awareness of global inequalities such as feminism. For centuries the progressions of colonised countries has been structured around the ideologies of an empire nation. The indignant behaviour towards women fuelled the fight towards equality between the sexes, known as the feminist movement. Colonialism had dramatic consequences that are stillRead MoreAboriginal And Torres Strait Islander Histories And Cultures Into Classroom Curriculum2443 Words   |  10 Pagesyour ideas using the Australian Curriculum conceptual framework for embedding Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander histories and cultures. Aboriginal Studies and Torres Strait Islander Studies include histories, cultures, values, beliefs, languages, lifestyles and roles of Aboriginal societies or Torres Strait Islander societies before and after invasion. This study of Torres Strait Islander people and Aboriginal people presents an accurate history of Australia. Indigenous Studies covers both AboriginalRead MoreThe Colonisation Of Australia By Jordan T. Sharp2179 Words   |  9 Pageswhich still continue in today’s societies. Colonisation is the process of where control over spirituality, land, language and education, health and family structures and also culture itself is passed down from the indigenous people to the colonisers. (Colonisation and Racism, 2000.) Pre-invasion in Australia, the aboriginal people had their own way of life, they had been living in Australia â€Å"Terra Nullis† for about 50,000 to 120,000 years. They were commonly hunters and gatherers who adapted to theirRead MoreHumans Causing Decline in Biodiversity Essays2274 Words   |  10 Pagesacknowledged that this was almost certainly an underestimate. There have been numerous other speculations, ranging to over 1,000 extinctions per week (Bryson, 2003). The truth is we just don’t know; we are literally unable to put a precise figure on the impact we are having. Regardless, it is clear that in recent times we have seen an exponential increase in the number of cases. The Mascarene island of Mauritius’ national emblem remains to this day the dodo, despite the fact that it is one of the mostRead MoreIndian English Novel17483 Words   |  70 PagesThere has always been in all countries and ages a conflict between the orthodox and the unorthodox, but in India, because the new impulse was identified with an alien culture and foreign domination, the clash of loyalties has been sharper. The very impact of Western thought, with its emphasis on democracy and selfexpression, stimulated a nationalist consciousness which resented the foreign imposition and searched for the roots of self-respect and pride in its own heritage. For instance, Rabindranath

A Perspective of Leadership Through the Eyes of a Great Leader Free Essays

Abraham Lincoln had a distinct way of elevating people. This is evident in one of his leadership techniques as pointed out by Donald Phillips in his book, Leadership: Executive Strategies for Tough Times. This, he had done by recognizing his subordinates, his people as equals. We will write a custom essay sample on A Perspective of Leadership Through the Eyes of a Great Leader or any similar topic only for you Order Now More importantly, it is by not failing to remember that he, as a President acted not as a Chieftain but as representative of the people who elected him; and it is from this people, his power as Chief Executive emanated. In the same way, there are leaders who act based on the same principle as Abraham Lincoln. Take for example, Nelson Mandela. The latter’s leadership although may be viewed very differently from that of Lincoln is characterized by the similar principles in leadership as Lincoln’s. Like Lincoln who is a master of active passivity, Mandela offered only passive resistance against efforts that put the Blacks in the position of permanent servility (Brink, 1998). Like Lincoln who preached visions, in his case, through the Gettysburg Address, Mandela preached visions as a mode of getting across ideas that would set forth the movement towards his objectives. According to him, â€Å"During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to the struggle of the African people. I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But, if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.† (Brink, 1998). Also, like Lincoln, Mandela showed integrity even with his failures which he considered not as such but as blessings which â€Å"enhance rather than diminish his personality (Brink, 1998).† 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In your opinion, what were Lincoln`s most important attributes or traits? It is not proper to say that Abraham Lincoln had a most important leadership attribute for it is only when his traits are seen as a whole that his leadership can be qualified. Saying that one trait is more important than the other means elevating one and subordinating the rest. Surely, it is not only just one or a few leadership attributes which can carry or distinguish Lincoln as a leader from the others. According to Donald Phillips (1992), â€Å"’During his four years as president, Abraham Lincoln spent most of his time among the troops.’ He visited key individuals in government, members of Congress, toured hospitals to visit the wounded, etc. He was a natural wanderer. As a lawyer, he went out to discover the facts first hand.† Still, it cannot be said, for example that Lincoln’s consideration of â€Å"getting out of the office and circulating among the troops† distinguished him over the others because there were leaders who valued such in their leadership too. Princess Diana was considered as a prime figure during her days because she showed empathy to the people and in Phillips’ words, she ‘got out’ in public to experience the people first hand and not only through the eyes of third observers. The same goes with Pope John Paul II who was renowned for his frequent tours among Catholic nations. He was not the Pope who sat down his Papal Chair as he observed the world through his accolades. He went out, shook hands, waved and hugged the people whom he led in faith. Both leaders value â€Å"reaching out to their people† as prime necessity in effective leadership. Having said this, it is the combination of Lincoln’s leadership traits that made him a distinguished him from the others. It is the right amounts of humility, foresight, patience, tact and eloquence that made him one of the supreme leaders not only in the history of the United States but in the history of the world. How to cite A Perspective of Leadership Through the Eyes of a Great Leader, Essays

Organisations and Budgetary Slack

Question: Discuss about the Organisations and Budgetary Slack. Answer: Budgetary Slack refers to the deliberate way of making up the budgetary numbers in favor of the preparer, by either over estimating the budgeted expenses or underestimating the revenue. This is more found in situations where the employees are given performance targets in numbers, their bonuses have a direct linkage with achievement of targets or Companys policy regarding promotion (Dismissal). In this case, the base of the budget numbers will be un-realistic or on a false projection. It can be intentional or unintentional. Intentional budgetary slack also arises when there are prior experiences of not achieving either reduced expenses or increased revenue. In budgetary slack, the risk factors considered might not be genuine and will result in employees behaving unethically. In these cases, budget figures will be easy to get but will reduce quality in performance. The budgeting system has been assumed to affect a managers propensity to create budgetary slack, in the sense that this propensity can be increased or decreased by way in which the budgeting system is designed or complemented (Amhed, 1994, p.12) The main reason of budgetary slack is due to involving subordinate in the budget making process. But if there is a proper communication and a qualitative talk between manager and sub-ordinate, the behavioral problems with subordinates can be avoided to some extent. On the other hand, if an employee achieves the numbers, that creates more inspiration and positive view. So, the budget should not be too unrealistic or too fictional. If it is based on the proven numbers and proper design of methods to achieve the results, the budgetary slacks can be dispensed with. For an employee, who is self- motivated, takes the numbers positively and work towards the same. He takes it more challenging in case the budgets are not achieved. However, for more numbers of employees (basically at the ground level), budgets are normally a big issue to tackle. They tend to search for more options to escape from it. They may provide false data when it is sought or a false feedback about the process/systems. Another problem is that it creates disappointment among employees. If an employee cant achieve the budget consistently he tends to un-trust the system and gradually leaves the organization. Therefore, the budget set on these wrong data, may not serve its purpose and ultimately end up in being a tool for making/(protecting) money for self -reasons and not for business improvement. In addition, even in case of managers, the budget numbers have to be revised time to time according to change in business/market scenario. Every budget activity has to be preceded by a comparison with the actual results. A lot of time would have to be invested in explaining the top management about the variance and its reasonableness. Potential advantages and disadvantages of participative budget in master budget preparation Participate budgeting is a activity in which the employees who are directly impacted by budget are involved in the budget making activity. It is basically a bottom line approach. Since the employees who are having hands on experience in the system are engaged in the budgeting process, the figures are normally achievable but lack a touch of strategic decision making. A budget can have a significant impact on human behavior. It may inspire a manager to higher level of performance. Or, it may discourage additional effort and pull down the morale of a manager (Jerry and Donald, 2000, p. 390) The major advantage of participative budgeting is that it will result in achievement of better results and improves motivation among employees. Since the employees know the data and conditions at the ground level, the quality of numbers will be high. Comparison of budgeted numbers with actual and reasonable check will be easy since the employees will be more familiar with the transactions rather than systems/policies. Since the targeted numbers are set by them, employees are confident and directed towards achieving it instead of being directed by the top management by their imposed budget The disadvantage of participative budget in the master budget making process is that it consumes a lot of time since more number of employees are involved. It may lack quality since the top managements perception about the data or conditions and their high level strategic decisions will be missing here. A main demerit of this process is the Budgetary slack. In case the outcome or actual result of the budget is negative, it may also result in the participated departments to blame each other. Since the relevance and use of participative budget in the master budget making process is important, a proper balancing between the related advantages and risks must be made and communicated to all the users. Advice to VGL Ltd and Milbourn Manufacturers Strategies to overcome temporary shortages of cash A properly designed cash budget helps in ensuring cash is available at the right time and right amount. It also helps to find out if money is idle and an opportunity to save cash exists. It helps to identify the temporary cash shortages in advance. The major strategy to meet temporary cash shortages will be arranging the overdraft from a Bank with whom Company is having tie up. In case of any surplus cash already invested, Company may tend to break the same. But, since these are normally invested in securities/fixed deposits where rate of return will be higher than that of short term borrowing it results in a cash loss. In those cases, a comparative study must be made on the opportunity cost of forgoing the interest income and the interest cost of borrowing. The best method to tackle the temporary cash shortage will be to get into the agreement with the bank to avail the overdraft facility. Here, Company need not have further discussion with the Bank each and every time it require cash and the interest will be charged on daily basis. Just as judicious management of short-term surplus funds can earn extra income for the firm, careful handling of short term deficits can lead to significant savings. The treasurers objective in this regard should be to minimize the overall borrowing requirement consistent with the firms liquidity needs and to fund these at the minimum possible all in cost (Prakash, 2008, p.543) Consequences of not having proper cash management If a proper set up for arrangement of temporary cash is not in place, the Company will end up in loosing extra money in the form of high interest or penalties. They will not be able to pay the creditors in time and there by loose goodwill. The quality of production is affected if raw materials are not supplied in time and employees are not given wages. A Company should always fix its optimum level of cash balance, which is again depending on the nature of industry or working conditions. It depends on effective cash management and borrowing capacity of the Company. Cash is the life blood of the business; In the day to day sense what matters for survival is the availability of adequate cash. For only cash can help the entrepreneur meet his maturing financial obligations. Failure to generate adequate cash can have serious consequences on continuing profitability and solvency of the enterprise (Patel, 2007, p.26) If at any time, Company fail to settle its cash obligations and it is declared legally, the Company will turn to be insolvent. Retaining employees in such situations become difficult. To conclude, as cash is the lifeblood of the business, it must be managed effectively and the shortages must be met well, howsoever small it is. Consequences of carrying surplus cash Having surplus cash in a Company denotes that the management does not know how to manage the Cash. It will create a bad impression in the investors mind. The investors can hardly find out the reason for investing their money in the Company when there is not much changes in the Cash balance between two consecutive accounting periods. The main issue with having surplus cash is the opportunity cost connected with the forego of income from investment. A Management holding too much cash may tend to be more careless about its management. There will not be much pressure of performance. The benefit of investment is that the cash is not lying idle and the firm earns a specific return. But the problem is that making of such investment or disinvestment in order to get the cash back involves a transaction cost or conversion cost. If on the other hand, no such investment is made, such conversion cost does not arise, but there exists an opportunity cost in terms of interest foregone (Sharan, 2012, p173) Some organizations consider having surplus cash as symbol of strength, but having too much cash not put in use actually hurts. Preparation and analysis of environmental cost report Strategy for prioritizing spending on environmental cost categories to reduce negative outcomes For implementing an effective strategy on the spending on environmental costs, management needs a specific idea and information about the nature of Companys products and operations. The definition and classification of environmental costs within a Company is depending on how the information is intended to be used. Since the environmental laws and procedures are ever- changing and the environmental management is critical, a pro-active management should recognize the requirement for integrating the environmental strategies into the main decision making. The four major categories of Environmental Costs are (a) Prevention Costs (b) Detection Costs (c) Internal Failure Costs (d) External Failure Costs. The intensity and sensitivity of these costs are different from each other. Out of the four, external failure costs are more challenging and sensitive. Organizations tend to define environment related costs differently depending on the intended use of the cost information, the organizations view of what is environmental, the organizations economic and environmental goals and other reasons (Schaltegger, Bennett, Burrit and Jasch, 2008, p.329) Many established organizations especially in Industrial sector, have already understood the importance of Environmental cost management and is enjoying the benefits out of it. Non-Compliance of environmental laws could lead to huge fines and penalties and loss of goodwill. The society expects the Companies and products should be environmental friendly. Therefore, a best method of environmental cost management which define the proposition in which these costs and spent and analyzed should be implemented. A proper prioritization of spending on environmental costs is needed to ensure that the best is made out of it. For example, spending effectively on prevention and detection costs will bring a big reduction on the failure costs. In case of Milbourn Manufacturers, the cost spent on Testing for contamination is $ 28,000 (Detection Costs) and they end up in paying $ 260,000 on Cleaning up the contaminated soil (External Failure Costs). If a proper study is made before spending on environmental costs, the investment on testing for contamination would be more and the result will bring out the best possible method of production to avoid failure and end up in spending on the cleaning cost lesser. Generally, the environmental costs are reported along with general overheads. A separate reporting of these costs and a further analysis of the same with respect to the total income/total costs or allocation of the same into cost objects will help to identify the crucial relationships between environmental costs and related products/process. A comparison of the costs should be made with that of previous periods, other divisions of the Company or other organizations in the industry. While preparing the specific report on environmental costs, attention must be also given to qualitative /non-monetary measures which portray the Company as more environmental friendly. References Amhed, R. (1994) Organisations and budgetary slack, London: Quoram books. Apte, P. (2008) International financial management, New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. Jerry, J. Paul, D. Donald, E. (2000) Managerial Accounting Tools for business Decision making, USA: John Viley Sons Inc. Patel, V.G. (2007) When the Going Gets tough strategic responses to Business crisis, New delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. Schalteggar, S. Bennet, M. Burrit, R. L. and Jasch, C. (2008) Environmental Management Accounting for a Cleaner Production, UK: Springer Science. Sharan, V. (2012), Fundamentals of Financial Management, India: Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt Ltd